陇东旱塬密植高产机械粒收玉米新品种筛选与评价

Screening and Evaluation of New Maize Varieties with Compact Planting,High Yield and Suitable for Mechanical Grain Harvest in Loess Plateau in Eastern Gansu Province

为筛选适合陇东旱塬区耐密高产且宜机械粒收的玉米品种,于2019-2021年在甘肃平凉泾川高平试验基地对引进不同生态区的玉米品种采用福田雷沃谷神收割机进行籽粒直收。结果表明,参试品种平均产量接近于吨粮田,2019、2020和2021年产量分别为14424.0、14295.0和14737.5kg/hm^(2),品种间产量存在显著差异,产量极差分别为3826.5、4992.0和3699.0kg/hm^(2)。参试品种含水率变幅较大,最大相差7.2%、10.6%和5.2%。不同玉米品种延迟收获,籽粒含水率呈线性下降,以生理成熟后22.7d为适宜粒收期,且收获期含水率为25.0%、20.0%和13.9%时,籽粒破碎率依次为2.82%、1.68%和1.20%。品种MC703和先玉335破碎率3年平均分别为3.84%和2.99%,杂质率分别为0.49%和0.35%,迪卡519破碎率和杂质率2年平均为4.66%和0.12%,均符合国家粒收标准。因此,陇东旱塬适宜粒收的含水率为<25.0%。机械粒收相比机械收穗和人工收获分别节省成本1800和3600元/hm^(2)。综合评价,推荐收获期含水率(<25.0%)低、耐破碎性能好和单产水平高的迪卡519、MC703和先玉335作为陇东旱塬区适宜机械粒收品种。

In order to screen maize varieties suitable for compact planting,high yield and mechanical grain harvest in loess plateau of eastern Gansu province,the maize varieties introduced from different ecological areas were directly harvested with combine harvester(Futian Gushen,Lovol)in Gaoping experimental site,Jingchuan,Pingliang,Gansu from 2019 to 2021.The results showed that the average yield of the tested varieties were 14424.0,14295.0 and 14737.5kg/ha in 2019-2021,respectively.The grain yield was significant differences among varieties,the range were 3826.5,4992.0 and 3699.0kg/ha in 2019-2021,respectively.The grain moisture contents of the tested varieties varied greatly,and the range were 7.2%,10.6%and 5.2%in 2019-2021,respectively.With delaying harvest time,the grain moisture content declined linearly.The suitable grain harvest period was 22.7 days after physiological maturity.When the grain moisture content were 25.0%,20.0%and 13.9%,the grain broken rates were 2.82%,1.68%and 1.20%,respectively.The three-year averages of grain broken rates of maize varieties MC703 and Xianyu 335 were 3.84%and 2.99%,respectively,the three-year averages of grain impurity rates were 0.49%and 0.35%,respectively.The three-year averages of grain broken rate and impurity rate of Dika 519 were 4.66%and 0.12%,respectively.These were in line with the national grain harvest standards.Therefore,the optimal grain moisture content of mechanical grain harvest in loess plateau of eastern Gansu province spring maize region should be lower than 25.0%.The cost of mechanical grain harvest was 1800 and 3600 yuan/ha lower than that of mechanical ear harvest and manual harvest,respectively.Based on the low grain moisture content(<25.0%),grain breaking resistance and yield in the harvest period,Dika 519,MC703 and Xianyu 335 are suitable for mechanical grain harvest in loess plateau of eastern Gansu province.