从“得失氧”到“极性翻转”:氧化还原反应概念的历史演变

From “Gain and Loss of Oxygen” to “Polarity Umpolung”: The Historical Evolution of the Concept of Redox Reaction

18世纪末,拉瓦锡在氧化学说范式下,建立了“得失氧”角度上的氧化反应和还原反应的概念。19世纪,约翰逊在化合价学说的基础上,发现氧化还原反应的共同特征是“化合价升降”,其概念扩大至反应前后化合价发生升降的一类反应。20世纪初,弗莱从“电子转移”的角度解释了化合价升降的原因,揭示了氧化还原反应的微观本质。1948年,格拉斯顿在价键理论和电负性基础上,从“氧化数变化”的角度提出了氧化还原反应的人为表征概念。20世纪末,古德斯坦和李良助分别从“电负性顺序”和“极性翻转”角度提出了氧化还原反应的现代理解。氧化还原反应概念的发展史,反映了化学思想的发展和科学认识的变化,对化学研究有重要的启示。

At the end of the 18 th century, under the paradigm of oxidation theory, Lavoisier established the concept of oxidation reaction and reduction reaction from the perspective of “gain and loss of oxygen”. In the 19 th century, Johnson found that the common feature of redox reactions is “chemical valence rise and fall”, based on the theory of chemical valence, and its concept is expanded to a type of reaction in which the valence rises and falls before and after the reaction. At the beginning of the 20 th century, Fry explained the reasons for the rise and fall of the valence from the perspective of “electron transfer”, revealing the microscopic nature of the redox reaction. In 1948, On the basis of valence bond theory and electronegativity, Gladstone proposed the concept of anthropogenic characterization of redox reactions from the perspective of “oxidation number variation”. At the end of the 20 th century, Goodstein and Li Liang-zhu proposed a modern understanding of redox reaction from the perspectives of “electronegativity order” and “polarity umpolung” respectively. The history of the development of the concept of redox reaction reflects the development of chemical thought and the change of scientific understanding, which has important enlightenment for chemical research.