东北虎栖息地历史分布、种群数量动态及其野化放归进展

Historical Distribution,Population Dynamics and Reintroduction Progress of the Panthera tigris altaica

了解东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)的历史分布和数量动态对加速虎栖息地连通,恢复历史分布区,促进中俄共同保护野生东北虎集合种群具有重要的指导意义。20世纪初期,东北虎曾分布在俄罗斯远东地区南部、朝鲜半岛、中国长白山脉和松花江流域,数量近3000只。猎捕和栖息地丧失导致东北虎数量急剧下降。20世纪40年代,远东地区东北虎数量仅剩锡霍特山脉中部的20~30只。20世纪中期以后,苏联政府采取了东北虎禁猎、禁捕令、扩大保护地和边境管控等综合保护措施,解除了东北虎的濒危状态,促进了种群复苏和分布区扩大。2015年俄罗斯东北虎种群数量恢复到523~540只,呈现稳步向中俄边境扩展之势。俄罗斯在原生态完好、食物丰富和人为干扰少的东北虎西北历史分布区,将野外救助的幼虎野化放归大自然,建立了稳定的东北虎小型种群,这项试验对于拓展大型猫科动物种群分布区具有重要国际意义。21世纪初,东北虎在中国总数减少到十余只。2017年,中国开展东北虎豹国家公园试点,通过整合自然保护地,东北虎处境开始好转,种群恢复刚刚走出低谷,呈现增长态势,当前的主要工作任务是:一方面优化整合自然保护地,畅通跨界生态廊道,加快边境区东北虎向中方迁徙扩散,壮大中国东北虎繁殖种群;另一方面实施东北虎野化放归计划,突破幼虎野化训练技术瓶颈,在历史分布区创建新的东北虎野外繁殖种群。

The research on historical distributions and population dynamics of Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica)is a great guiding significance to enhance the connection of Amur tiger habitats,restore its historical distribution area,and promote the joint conservation of wild Amur tigers meta-population in China and Russia.In the early 20th century,Amur tigers were distributed in the south of the Russian Far East,the Korean Peninsula,the Changbai Mountains,and the Songhua River basin in China,with a population of nearly 3,000.Hunting and habitat loss have led to a sharp decline in the number of Amur tigers.In the 1940s,the number of Amur tigers in the Far East was only 20-30,which were only distributed in the middle of the Sikhote-Alin Mountains.After the mid-20th century,the Soviet government s tiger hunting ban,expansion of protected areas,border control,and other comprehensive protection measures lifted the endangered status of tigers and promoted the recovery of populations and the expansion of distribution areas.In 2015,the population of Amur tiger in Russia recovered to 523-540,and showed a steady trend of expanding to the border between China and Russia.In the northwest historical distribution area of tiger with intact habitat,rich food,and less human interference,the young Amur tigers were rescued in the wild and were released into nature again,thus a stable small population of Amur tigers was established in Russia.The experiment is of great international significance for expanding the distribution area of big cats.At the beginning of the 21st century,the total number of Amur tigers in China was reduced to slightly more than ten.In 2017,China launched a pilot project in the Northeast Tiger Leopard National Park.Through the integration of natural protected areas,the population situation of the Amur tiger got improved,and the population recovery has just come out of the trough,showing a upward trend.Our current main tasks are:on the one hand,to optimize and integrate natural protected areas,unblock cross-border ecological corridors,speed up the immigration and diffusion of tigers in border areas to China,and expand China s Amur tiger breeding population;on the other hand,to implement the reintroduction plan of Amur tigers,break through the bottleneck of wild training technology of young tigers,and create a new wild breeding population of Amur tigers in the historical distribution areas.