生物炭还田方式对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

Effect of Biochar Returning Manners on Grain-Filling Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat

为探明生物炭不同还田方式对冬小麦产量形成的影响,选用扬麦13为材料,研究了旋耕生物炭不还田(CK)、生物炭旋耕还田(XG)、常规翻耕还田(FG)和深翻还田(SFG)对冬小麦产量、干物质转运和籽粒灌浆特征的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,XG、FG和SFG处理显著增加冬小麦开花期、成熟期地上干物质积累量,促进花后干物质向籽粒转运,其中XG处理花后干物质对籽粒产量的贡献率比CK提高4.97%,二者间差异显著,而FG、SFG处理与CK间无显著差异;XG、FG和SFG处理对冬小麦强、弱势粒灌浆起始势和灌浆活跃期无显著影响,但可提高冬小麦强、弱势粒快增期灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率(V_(max)),缩短到达最大灌浆速率的时间(T_(max)),以XG处理效果最明显,其强、弱势粒V_(max)分别比CK提高16.41%、6.49%,T_(max)减少6.69%、12.97%,差异均显著;XG、FG和SFG处理能优化产量构成,其中XG处理有效穗数、千粒重、穗粒数、产量最高,分别比CK提高3.63%、8.19%、17.01%、14.27%,差异均显著。因此,在小麦-玉米轮作雨养无灌溉条件下,玉米秸秆生物炭旋耕还田可促进小麦干物质积累及花后干物质向籽粒的转运,提高强、弱势粒灌浆速率,增加冬小麦产量。

A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different biochar returning methods on growth characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat.Four treatments were set up:rotary tillage without biochar as control(CK),rotary tillage with biochar(XG),conventional plowing tillage with biochar(FG),and deep plowing tillage with biochar(SFG).The result showed that XG,FG and SFG treatments significantly increased the above ground dry matter accumulation at flowering and maturity stages of winter wheat,and promoted the transport of post anthesis dry matter to grains,compared with CK.The contribution rate of post anthesis dry matter under XG treatment was significantly higher(4.97%)than that under CK,but there was no significant difference between FG,SFG and CK.XG,FG and SFG treatments had no significant effect on the initial grain filling potential and active filling period of superior and inferior grains of winter wheat,but they increased the filling rate and maximum grain-filling rate(V_(max))at the rapid growth stage of superior and inferior grains of winter wheat and shortened the time to reach the maximum filling rate(T_(max)).XG treatment had the most obvious effect among treatments.Compared to CK,the V_(max) of superior and inferior grains under XG treatment were significantly increased by 16.41%and 6.49%,and the T_(max) of superior and inferior grains were significantly increased by 6.69%and 12.97%.XG,FG and SFG treatments optimized the yield components.The number of effective panicles,1000-grain weight,number of grains per panicle and yield under XG treatment were the highest,which were significantly higher than CK by 3.63%,8.19%and 17.01%,respectively,resulting in significant increase in wheat yield by 14.27%.Therefore,under the conditions of rain fed wheat-maize rotation without irrigation,maize straw biochar rotary tillage can improve the grain-filling rate of superior and inferior grains and increase the yield of winter wheat by increasing the accumulation of dry matter and the transport of dry matter to grains after anthesis.