纳米多层金属复合材料研究进展

Research Progress on Metallic Nanolamellar Composites

向金属中加入纤维、颗粒、晶须等增强体是提高金属复合材料力学性能的重要途径。而现代工业的不断发展对材料的多功能性提出了更高的要求。为改善材料的综合性能,保证其在高温、辐照等极端条件下的使用,研究人员设计了由纳米级交替层组成的材料体系——纳米多层金属复合材料。由于其具有极高的界面密度,可以有效地阻碍位错移动从而强化材料,同时促进了辐照缺陷的吸收,有效减轻金属的辐照损伤,在快堆、聚变堆等先进核反应堆中具有重要的应用前景。近年来,纳米多层金属复合材料在国内外得到了广泛而深入的研究,在制备技术、结构表征和综合性能等研究方面取得了长足的进步。以Cu/Nb纳米多层复合材料为例,综述了其制备技术、变形行为及热稳定性、抗辐照性、导电性等综合性能的研究进展,并探讨了纳米多层金属复合材料的发展趋势及应用前景。

The introduction of reinforcements such as fibers,particles,and whiskers was revealed as an effective method for enhancing the mechanical properties of metal matrix composites.With the rapid development of the modern industry and science technology,higher requirements for multifunctional materials have been put forward.With aim to supply future demand from energy and national defense fields,a novel material system consisting of alternating nanoscale layers was designed and prepared,named metallic nanolamellar composites.Metallic nanolamellar composites has been a promising strategy to improve the comprehensive properties of materials,which can ensure its service life under extreme conditions such as high temperature and irradiation.Compared with traditional metal composites,metallic nanolamellar composites have very high interface density,which can effectively prevent dislocation movement and strengthen the material.In addition,the heterogeneous interface promotes the absorption and annihilation of irradiated defects,which effectively reduces the irradiation damage.Therefore,metallic nanolamellar composites are expected to become a new generation of super radiation resistant materials,and have important application prospects in advanced nuclear reactors such as fast reactor and fusion reactor.In recent years,metallic nanolamellar composites have been extensively and deeply researched,and significant progress has been made in their preparation technology,structural characterization and comprehensive performance research.Taking Cu/Nb nanolamellar composites as an example,recent research progress on preparation technology,deformation behavior,thermal stability,radiation resistance,as well as electrical conductivity of nanolaminate composites are reviewed.The development trend and application prospect of metallic nanolamellar composites are briefly discussed.