美好生活的叙事解读与社会工作的实践路向

The Narrative Interpretation of the "Good Life " and the Practical Direction of Social Work

关于何为美好生活存在多重解读,叙事视角强调多元与包容,有助于理解美好生活的相关论争。关于美好生活的叙事具有主观建构、文化关联、实践指向三重属性。美好生活叙事打破了关于主要矛盾一元的、宏观的叙事,以普通人的日常生活为中心复活了叙事的多元意涵。个体的美好生活叙事受到文化的浸染,反复讲述的个体叙事又沉淀到文化之中。美好生活叙事受到客观条件的制约,并反过来指引生活实践。美好生活的叙事解读为社会工作提供了新的实践路向。针对叙事被忽视者、叙事失能者、叙事被压制者、叙事失当者、现实受困者、缺乏行动者六类群体,社会工作通过叙事重构增强主体叙事能力,协调个体叙事与文化的关系、促进美好生活叙事的实践转化。叙事重构将问题解决取向与意义建构取向结合,突破了叙事治疗的原有范畴。

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that the main social contradic-tion in China has been transformed into the contradiction between the people’s growing needs for a better life and unbal-anced and inadequate development.In the case of changes in major contradictions,how social workers should play a profes-sional role in building a better life needs further exploration.Philosophy,pedagogy,politics,sociology and other disciplines have multiple interpretations of what a good life is.The narrative perspective opposes abstraction and consistency,and emphasizes pluralism and inclusiveness,which helps to understand the relevant debates about a better life.From the narrative perspective,a good life has three attributes:subjective construction,cultural relevance and practice orientation.First of all,the narrative of a better life is subjective and constructive.Everyone has his own understanding of the good life,and there must be multiple narratives about the good life.The new expression of the good life pays more attention to the micro individ-ual narrative and life narrative.Centring on the daily life of ordinary people,it breaks the situation of the unified narrative about the main contradiction by paying attention to the narrative subject,and revives the plural meaning of the narrative.In the process of pursuing a better life,individual subjectivity is also stimulated.Second,the narrative of a better life has cultur-al relevance.On the one hand,the narrative must be rooted in a certain cultural soil,in certain social and cultural context,the personal narrative of a better life is affected by the culture;On the other hand,although the good life is personalized,there are also some commonalities.The repeated narration of the individual good life will precipitate into the culture.Third,the narrative of a better life has a practical orientation.The narration is restricted by objective conditions,and the narration of a better life is necessarily based on the degree of social development.The narration also has a counter effect on practice,and the narrative of a better life can guide the practice of creating a better life.Social work is deeply rooted in narrative theory.The interpretation of the narrative of a better life provides new inspiration for social work.The narrative of a better life is a process of joint construction of multiple subjects,and social work is one of the important construction subjects.The service objects of social work may have problems in narrative construction.According to the three dimensions of subjective con-struction,cultural relevance and practice orientation,they can be divided into six groups:the narrative neglected,the narra-tive disabled,the narrative suppressed,the narrative inappropriate,the reality trapped and the lack of actors.Due to the rela-tively small group and the lack of voice channel and ability,the voice of the neglected narrative people is often not paid enough attention.Social workers carefully listen to and help them speak,and the narrative of a better life for vulnerable groups can be respected.The narrative disabled lose the ability to construct a better life narrative due to a major blow or lack of resources.Through empowerment,social workers help service objects to recover their narrative ability and construct more cre-ative and powerful narratives that conform to themselves.The narrative oppressed is suppressed by other narratives in the narrative competition due to their lack of power.Social workers should identify the power relationship and help individuals fight against unreasonable narrative repression.The improper narration may be based on harming the interests of others and the public interest.Social workers can help service objects to perceive the contradiction between individual narrative and so-cial culture,and build a positive narrative of a better life that is not only conducive to personal development,but also adapt to social culture.The reality of the trapped people facing poverty,inadequate care and other practical problems hinders the construction of their happy life narrative.Social workers should find problems,link resources and dredge channels in their professional practice,effectively solve the practical problems faced by people in difficulty,and remove obstacles to the con-struction of a better life narrative.The lack of actors has no ideal,but they cannot be put into practice.Social workers can help service objects to enhance motivation,strengthen confidence,provide conditions,and promote the transformation from ideal narration to life practice.Traditional narrative therapy pays too much attention to the narrative of language,but it does not respond enough to the practical problems in the life of the service object.Narrative reconstruction is not limited to the narrative treatment of purely subjective aspects,but also focuses on the constraints of objective conditions and cultural envi-ronment in narrative construction.On the one hand,the narrative reconstruction of social work starts from the subjective di-mension to explore how to help the service object to construct a positive narrative;on the other hand,it starts from the struc-ture to eliminate the practical obstacles and cultural constraints of individual narrative.Narrative reconstruction combines problem-solving with meaning construction,which is a theoretical innovation of traditional narrative therapy.