论宪法视角下公序良俗原则的适用——以“遗赠非法同居人案”为例

Constitutional Thinking on the Application of the Principle of Public Order and Good Morals: Illustrated by the Example of “Bequest Case”

公序良俗原则可以展开为“公共秩序”、“公领域善良风俗”以及“私领域善良风俗”三部分,分别具有不同的宪法地位。适用公共秩序原则和公领域善良风俗原则应遵循比例原则,适用私领域善良风俗原则需要同时恪守禁止保护不足原则和比例原则。《婚姻法》的修改导致《继承法》缺少对“婚内不法同居”这一新价值地位的确认,《民法典》则有意将这一问题交给司法机关解决。在遗赠非法同居人相关案件(以下简称相关遗赠案)中,司法机关应利用宪法价值对私领域善良风俗原则进行填充以履行对配偶的保护义务,同时应遵循比例原则的要求维护遗赠人和非法同居人的权利。在履行保护义务时,判断配偶是否具有期待可能性至关重要,具体考量因素包括共同生活缺失给配偶带来的伤害,配偶对挽回婚姻家庭的期待,双方是否育有子女等。遗赠行为因损害婚姻家庭的价值而违反公序良俗原则,但排除非法同居人的继承亦会造成对遗赠人财产处分权利的本质性损害。

The principle of public order and good morals consists of three parts with different constitutional status: the principles of “public order”, “good morals in the public domain” and “good morals in the private domain”. The application of the frst two principles should follow the principle of proportionality, and the application of the principle of good morals in the private domain should abide by both the principle of prohibiting insufcient protection and the principle of proportionality. The new Civil Code intends to hand over the issue “unlawful cohabitation within marriage” to the judicial organs for resolution. In the “Bequest Case”, the judiciary shall fll the constitutional value into the principle of good morals to fulfll the obligation to protect for the spouse, while follow the principle of proportionality to maintain the rights of the bequeather and the mistress. By fulflling the obligation of protection, the probability of anticipation of the spouse plays an important role, including the considerations of the harm caused by the lack of cohabitation to the spouse, the spouse’s expectation of restoring the marriage and family, and whether the two parties have children, etc. The act of bequest violates the principle of public order and good morals because it damages the value of the marriage and family, but excluding the inheritance of the mistress will also cause substantial damage to the bequeather’s freedom to dispose of his own property.