CD4^(+)T cell metabolism,gut microbiota,and autoimmune diseases:implication in precision medicine of autoimmune diseases

CD4^(+)T cells are critical to the development of autoimmune disorders.Glucose,fatty acids,and glutamine metabolisms are the primary metabolic pathways in immune cells,including CD4^(+)T cells.The distinct metabolic programs in CD4^(+)T cell subsets are recognized to reflect the bioenergetic requirements,which are compatible with their functional demands.Gut microbiota affects T cell responses by providing a series of antigens and metabolites.Accumulating data indicate that CD4^(+)T cell metabolic pathways underlie aberrant T cell functions,thereby regulating the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders,including inflammatory bowel diseases,systemic lupus erythematosus,and rheumatoid arthritis.Here,we summarize the current progress of CD4^(+)T cell metabolic programs,gut microbiota regulation of T cell metabolism,and T cell metabolic adaptions to autoimmune disorders to shed light on potential metabolic therapeutics for autoimmune diseases.