自动驾驶刑事风险研究——刑事追责的困境与对策

Obstacles and Countermeasures of Criminal Risk Prevention of Automatic Driving

随着科技的发展,自动驾驶技术日渐成熟,其造成的事故也日益增多。在刑法领域,自动驾驶技术导致了一系列刑事风险,如犯罪形式转变、危害性剧增、隐蔽性增强等,值得司法机关重点关注。而在实践中,主体责任争议、证据规则立法滞后、因果关系紊乱、注意义务界限模糊、科创保障与量刑原则兼顾困难等问题严重阻碍了司法机关对自动驾驶刑事风险的预防工作。建议司法机关通过利用刑罚有效性原则排除主体争议;完善证据规则立法;利用客观归责论破解因果关系困境;借鉴信赖原则明确注意义务;参考企业合规改革,以合理分摊科技风险的方式排除妨碍,在防范刑事风险、维护司法公正的同时保证自动驾驶技术的正常发展。

With the development of science and technology,the automated driving technology is becoming mature,but is causing increased accidents too.It should be noted by the judiciary that such self-driving technology has caused series of criminal risks in the field of criminal law,including the change in the forms of crimes,dramatic increase in harm and in hiddenness.Many practical problems are hindering the judicial practice in preventing self-driving’s criminal risks,e.g.,the disputes over the subjects’liability,the laggard legislation of evidence rules,the disorder of causality,the fuzzy boundary of duty of care,and the dilemma in weighing between the protection of scientific innovation and the measurement of penalty.In order to prevent criminal risks,maintain justice and meanwhile ensure the proper development of automated driving technology,it is necessary for the judiciary to settle disputes over subjects’liability through the principle of effective penalty,to improve the legislation of evidence rules,to use the doctrine of liability fixation to resolve the dilemma in causation,to apply the reliance theory to clarify the duty of care,and to reasonably share the technological risks by referring to the reform of corporate compliance.