论农村集体经济组织对集体土地所有权的代表行使——《民法典》第262条真义探析

Exercising Land Ownership on Behalf of the Farmer Colective by the Rural Colective Economic Organization:The True Meaning of Article 262 of the Civil Code of PRC

对我国民法典第262条中“农村集体经济组织代表集体行使土地所有权”的理解,不应拘泥于其表面文义,也不应机械类比国家所有权的代表行使机理,而应结合历史解释、体系解释、目的解释探寻其真义。农村集体经济组织对农民集体的代表实则是对全体集体成员的直接代表,无需经由所谓的农民集体主体中转;农民集体并非民法上的团体主体,而是由集体成员组成的松散集合体;农村集体经济组织是由全体集体成员集合而成的紧密组织体,是农民集体法人化改造的结果,与农民集体实质上为同一主体。农村集体经济组织在成员和财产上与农民集体完全同一,其不仅是集体土地的管理者,也是所有者。这一解释结论对于准确把握农村集体经济组织的本质属性,科学安排其成员、财产和收益分配制度具有重要意义。

The Article 262 of the Civil Code of PRC concerning"exercising land ownership on behalf of the farmer collective by the rural collective economic organization"shall neither be literally understood,nor shall it be mechanically compared to the mechanism behind the exercise of state ownership.Instead,it should be interpreted in the historical context,in the system and according to the purpose.Indepth analysis has found that the rural collective economic organization represents the farmers directly,rather than indirectly through the medium of the farmer collective,the latter being a loose body,not a person in the sense of civil law.In contrast,the former,though identical with the farmer collective in its subjects,membership and ownership,is a tightly organized body formed collectively by all the members of the village,and can consequently turn into a legal person.In nature,it not only manages but also owns the collective lands.Its proper understanding is significant for scientifically arranging its members,property and income distribution.