春秋盟礼之“信”探析

On the Trust of Alliance Ceremony in the Spring and Autumn Period

盟礼以杀牲祭神为核心仪节,以“信”为礼义,其中有人神之间的约束机制作为社会心理基础。《左传》记载隐公三年周郑交质,是春秋时期第一次在盟礼之外互相以嫡子为抵押,在人神之信外另取“人”为致信手段。“交质”破坏了盟礼的人神之信,也使人言之信面临危机。盟礼交质,是君王王权的失落,也是君王神权的失落。隐公三年君子曰就周郑交质这一事件,论述盟礼应当回归人神之信,并引《诗》以证人神之信。《左传》君子曰试图在“信”的危机年代里重建人神之信。

The alliance ceremony takes killing animals and offering sacrifices to gods as the core ritual,taking“faith”as the ritual meaning and taking the constraint mechanism between people and gods as the social psychological basis.Zuo Zhuan records that Zhou and Zheng pledged to each other in the third year of Yin Gong.It was the first time in the Spring and Autumn Period that they pledged their legitimate sons to each other in addition to the alliance ceremony,and took“people”as pledge,a means of getting trust from each other in addition to the trust between people and gods.“The exchange of pledges”destroyed the trust between people and Gods in the alliance ceremony,and made the trust between people in crisis.The exchange of people as pledge added to alliance ceremony means that the king lost his royal power as well as the the divine power.In the third year of Yin Gong,Junziyue explained that the alliance ceremony should find its way back to the trust between people and Gods,and cited The Book of Songs as an evidence to demonstrate the trust for Gods.Junziyue in Zuo Zhuan tried to reestablish the faith for the trust between people and Gods and hope to restore the alliance ceremony in the crisis of trust.