经制土司之外:清代贵州土弁与苗疆社会治理研究

Native Officers in Addition to Tusi: A Study on Guizhou Tubian and Their Governance in Miao Area during the Qing Dynasty

清政府在贵州苗疆设置土弁,包括土守备、土千总、土把总、土外委等职。土弁不是土司,也非流官,他们是苗疆基层社会的管理者。其职既可世袭,又可随时裁撤。清代贵州土弁享有薪俸,其薪俸来源于地方,如苗疆空置田地的租赋等。土弁薪俸较低,也无养廉银。作为官府和基层社会的“中间人”,在改土归流、开辟苗疆的过程中,土弁发挥了重要作用。但在基层社会治理中,苗疆土弁贪腐案时有发生。道光年间,苗疆与内地管理体系逐渐一体化,土弁逐步被裁撤。贵州苗疆土弁的设置与裁撤,是清代土司制度变革的结果。

The Qing government set up Tubian position in Miao area of Guizhou, and the position included Tushou-bei, Tubazong, Tuwaiwei and so on. Tubian were not Tusi or the appointed officers, but they were the managers of the Grassroots society in Miao area.Guizhou Tubian enjoyed salaries, which were derived from local areas, such as the rent of vacant land. However, the salary was low, and it was not enough to support Tubian’s integrity. As the“middleman”of the government and the Grassroots Society, although Tubian played an important role in the process of“Bureaucratization of Native Tusi”and opening up Miao area, the corruption cases of Tubian occurred from time to time. During Emperor Daoguang’s reign, the management of Miao area was gradually integrated into central government, so Tubian was abolished. The establishment and abolishment of the Tubian in Miao area of Guizhou was the result of the reform of Tusi system in the Qing Dynasty.