“■(致礼)”与吐蕃对唐朝“宾服四方”的效仿

Salutation and Tubo Emulate“The Four Barbarians Come to Court”of Tang Dynasty

在《敦煌吐蕃历史文书·大事纪年》中记载了很多其他民族遣使至吐蕃的历史,文书均书以“■”,现今译为“致礼”较为恰当。该词是吐蕃效仿唐朝宾礼的表现,反映了吐蕃随着地域扩大,建立“宾服四方”天下观的愿望,但由于政治制度、经济、文化等方面的原因,吐蕃对唐朝的效仿并不成功。唐朝高度发达的文明,始终对吐蕃具有强大吸引力,对唐朝宾礼的效仿本身也反映出吐蕃对唐朝的向心力,这种向心力为后来西藏纳入中央政府统一管辖奠定了基础。

There were many other nationalities who sent envoys to Tubo recorded in the the historical documents of Tubo at Dunhuang,and written as“phyag”,we translate it“Salutations”now,this is the right word to translate.The term reflects Tubo’s desire to follow the example of the Tang Dynasty in establishing the concept of the four barbarians come to court along with Tubo expanded its territory.However,due to political system,economic and cultural reasons,Tubo’s imitation of the Tang dynasty was not successful.The highly developed civilization of the Tang Dynasty always had a strong attraction to Tubo,and the imitation of the protocol of the Tang Dynasty itself reflected Tubo’s centripetal force towards the Tang Dynasty,which laid the foundation for the later incorporation of Tubo into the unified jurisdiction of the central government.