从“孤岛”到“共享”:公共数据法治化的逻辑进路

From “Island” to “Sharing”: The Logical Progression about the Rule of Law for Public Data

当个人数据、企业数据和政府数据以一定方式予以开放,即成为公共数据。公共数据除了具有可复制性、跨时空性、快速性、多样性和低耗高效性等一般数据的共同特点,还具有公共性、共享性、开放性、累积海量性、间接性、脱敏性、无需授权免费使用性和普惠价值性等特有属性。公共数据属于21世纪及以后人类新型的资源,经过社会各方的开发、利用和再利用,具有不断增值的资产效应。如何处理好促进数据开发利用与有效保护个人隐私、企业商业秘密和国家安全的关系,是数据法治最核心的问题之一。开放数据不能危害国家安全、侵害商业秘密和个人隐私,否则不但不会增强公共利益,还会损害公共利益。公共数据领域可能存在拒不公开、拒不免费、数据造假、数据壁垒、数据歧视等情形,需要探求相应的法律保护机制,实现公共数据真正从“孤岛”走向“共享”。公共数据从“孤岛”到“共享”是数据法治的永恒主题和终极目标;公共数据资产的确权、开发、利用和保护成为数据法治的重要任务。公共数据的法治理念为数据法治转型,特别是对数据安全法的结构性调整,提供了坚实的理论储备。同时,数据法制的完善,特别是公共数据法律制度设计的合理性,将进一步对有效保护公共数据资产提供有力的法制保障。公共数据开放的一大缺点是缺乏具有公益属性的私人诉讼,没有公益属性的私人诉讼,数据法制依然是无牙的老虎。所以,要开放公共数据保护领域具有公益属性的私人诉讼。

Public data is composed of personal data,business data,and government data being exposed in a proper way.In addition,public data not only has the common characteristics of general data such as replicability,inter-temporality,rapidity,diversity and low consumption and efficiency,but also has the unique attributes of public,sharing,openness,accumulation of massive amounts,indirectness,desensitization,unauthorized free access and universal value.Public data is a new type of human resource in the 21st century and afterwards,which has the effect of being an ever-increasing asset,after being developed,utilized and re-used by all parties in society.How to deal with the relationship between promoting the exploitation of data and effectively protecting the personal privacy,commercial secrets and national security is one of the most central issues of the rule of law for data.Open data cannot harm national security,commercial secrets and personal privacy,otherwise,not only will it not enhance the public interest,it will also harm it.In the field of public data,there may be cases of non-disclosure,non-free access,data falsification,data barriers,data discrimination,etc.It is necessary to explore the corresponding legal protection mechanism to truly realize the public data from “island” to “sharing”.From “island” to “sharing” of public data is the eternal theme and ultimate goal of the rule of law for data;the identification,development,utilization and protection of public data assets have become important tasks of the data rule of law.The concept of the rule of law for public data provides a solid theoretical reserve for the transformation of the rule of law for data,especially for the structural adjustment of Data Security Law.At the same time,the improvement of legal regime for data,especially the rational design of the legal system of public data,will further provide a strong guarantee of the legal system for the effective protection of public data assets.A major drawback of public data openness is the lack of private litigation with public interest attributes.Without private litigation with public interest attributes,the data legal system is still a toothless tiger.Therefore,we should open up private litigation with public interest attributes in the area of public date protection.