逻辑实证主义与美国实用主义的哲学转型

Logical Positivism and the Philosophical Transformation of American Pragmatism

分析哲学正式进入美国是伴随着维也纳学派成员先后移居美国开始的。实用主义对分析哲学的接受过程,也是实用主义哲学自身转型的过程,即从推崇心理学和社会学的经验研究转向突出语言和知识的逻辑研究。考察美国实用主义对分析哲学的接受史,对于我们理解实用主义在当代美国的现状和发展具有重要启发意义。首先,分析哲学进入美国的过程,是科学理性和经验方法逐渐取代思辨哲学和先验方法的过程,也是美国哲学从唯心论和实在论逐渐转型为物理主义和科学主义的过程。其次,实用主义对分析哲学的接受,既体现了美国本土哲学的经验化和实验性特征,又表明实用主义策略的重要转变,即从关注生活经验和世俗社会转向关注心灵和知识的世界。再次,分析哲学在美国的落地生根、开花结果,不仅诞生了具有美国特色的分析的实用主义哲学,而且延续了17—18世纪以来西方哲学的认识论传统,即罗蒂提出的“镜式思维”模式。最后,实用主义哲学保全了经验主义的思维方式,但又在批判中推进和扩展了分析哲学的研究方向。

The official entrance of analytic philosophy to the United States of America began with the immigration of the members of the Vienna Circle successively.The pragmatist acceptance of analytic philosophy is also transforming pragmatism from a highly empirical investigation of psychology and sociology to logical research focusing on language and knowledge.It is significantly illuminating for our understanding of the current development of contemporary pragmatism in America to examine the history of pragmatist acceptance of analytic philosophy.First,the engagement process of analytic philosophy in America is the gradual replacement of speculative philosophy and the transcendental method with scientific reason and empirical methods.It is also the gradual transformation of American philosophy from idealism and realism to physicalism and scientism.Second,the pragmatist acceptance of analytic philosophy reflects the empirical and experimental characteristics of the Native American philosophy and the vital transformation of pragmatist strategy from focusing on the experience of life and the secular society to the world of mind and knowledge.Third,the achievements of analytic philosophy in America are not only analytic pragmatism with the American feature but the continuity of the epistemological tradition from the 17-18 centuries,which Richard Rorty called the mirror mode of thinking.The last,pragmatism secured the empiricist way of thinking while developing and expanding the direction of analytic philosophy critically.