大学生短跑运动员运动损伤与预防研究

Research on Sports Injury and Prevention of College Sprinters

目的:研究大学生短跑运动员运动损伤的病因以及发病机制,掌握科学有效的预防与治疗运动损伤的方法。方法:该研究主要采取问卷调查法、文献资料法等研究方法进行研究。结果:发生股后肌群拉伤的12名运动员,受伤率达24%;股后肌群拉伤在短跑运动损伤中占的比重较大;发生小腿后侧浅层腓肠肌拉伤的10名运动员,受伤率达20%;发生足踝腱鞘炎的4名运动员,受伤率达8%;发生跟腱纤维断裂的3名运动员,受伤率达6%;跟腱纤维断裂在短跑运动损伤中的占比较小;发生踝关节扭伤的8名运动员,受伤率达16%;发生膝关节扭伤的8名运动员,受伤率达16%,与踝关节发生损伤的受伤率一致。结论:在正式训练前没有做热身活动或热身活动不充分,专项技术错误,过度负荷训练是发生损伤的主要原因,运动环境不安全或器械、设施质量不过关等一系列问题也会导致运动损伤。损伤部位多发生在股后肌群、腓肠肌、跟腱等部位。在运动训练前充分做好充分的准备活动,这是大学生短跑运动员预防运动损伤最有效的方法之一。

Objective:To study the etiology and pathogenesis of sports injury in college sprinter,and to master the scientific and effective methods to prevent and treat sports injury.Methods:Questionnaire survey and literature method are mainly used in this study.Results:There were 12 athletes with posterior thigh muscle strain,the injury rate was 24%;The strain of the posterior thigh muscles accounts for a large proportion in sprint sports injuries;There were 10 athletes who suffered from superficial gastrocnemius muscle strain at the back of lower leg,and the injury rate was as high as 20%;There were 4 athletes with ankle tenosynovitis,and the injury rate was 8%;There were 3 athletes who suffered from rupture of achilles tendon fiber,and the injury rate was 6%;Achilles tendon fiber breakage accounts for a small proportion in sprint sports injuries;Eight athletes suffered from ankle sprain,with the injury rate as high as 16%;There were 8 athletes with knee sprain,the injury rate was as high as 16%,which was consistent with the injury rate of ankle joint.Conclusion:The main causes of injury are lack of warm-up activities or insufficient warm-up activities before formal training,special technical errors and overload training.The injured parts,such as the strain of the posterior thigh muscle group,the strain of the gastrocnemius muscle,and the injury of the Achilles tendon,may also cause sports injury due to a series of problems,such as unsafe sports environment or poor quality of equipment and facilities.It is one of the most effective ways to prevent college sprinters from sports injuries to fully prepare for general physical activities before sports training.