纳米材料的抗菌机制及在口腔感染性疾病中的作用

Antibacterial mechanism and application of nanomaterials in oral infectious diseases

背景:口腔感染一直是威胁人体健康的一个重要因素,它是口腔医学领域的主要研究内容之一。纳米材料作为一种新兴且治疗效果卓越的抗菌材料,由于其稳定性好、不容易受到抗生素耐药性机制的影响、抗菌作用强、抗菌谱广等特点,已逐渐成为预防和治疗口腔感染性疾病的一种全新手段。目的:归纳总结纳米材料的抗菌机制及在口腔感染性疾病中的研究现状,为口腔感染的防治提供新的研究方向和依据。方法:第一作者于2022年2月使用计算机在PubMed、万方数据知识平台和中国知网数据库检索2000年1月至2022年2月发表的相关文献,以“nanomaterials,bacteriostat,oral infection”为英文检索词,以“纳米材料,抑菌,口腔感染”为中文检索词,最终纳入97篇文献进行分析。结果与结论:①纳米材料的抑菌机制主要为:表面接触、浸入-渗透、催化氧化以及光热细菌裂解,通过这些机制使其在口腔感染性疾病中有着良好的抑菌表现;②与传统材料相比,纳米材料与致病菌接触的概率大,同时具有较强的抑菌能力,这些优势使得其在口腔感染的预防和治疗中取得不俗的成效。但在临床应用方面,纳米材料仍然存在着不少问题,例如:金属纳米颗粒的生物相容性较差,具有浓度依赖性;系统科学的生物安全性评价体系尚未成熟,从实验室到临床转化的过程中经常会伴随着参数的优化,甚至方法的改变,在临床上可实际应用的纳米制剂种类并不多;虽然已有脂质体等纳米材料可进行大规模生产,但当纳米颗粒涉及到需要进行多步修饰或者复杂技术时其大规模和可重复合成会更加困难,目前仍有许多纳米材料的制备工艺并不完善,还不能实现大范围的普及使用,未来需进一步发掘其应用潜力。

BACKGROUND:Oral infection has always been an important factor threatening human health,and it is one of the main research contents in the field of stomatology.Nanomaterials,as an emerging antibacterial material with excellent therapeutic effect,have gradually become a popular choice for the prevention and treatment of oral bacterial infections because of their broad antibacterial spectrum,strong antibacterial effect,good stability,and not easily affected by antibiotic resistance mechanisms.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the antibacterial mechanism of nanomaterials and the research status of oral infectious diseases,and provide new research directions and basis for the prevention and treatment of oral bacterial infection.METHODS:In February 2022,the first author used a computer to search for relevant literature published from January 2000 to February 2022 on PubMed,Wanfang Data Knowledge Platform and CNKI database,using“nanomaterials,bacteriostatic,oral infection”as the English and Chinese search terms.Finally,97 articles were included for analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The main antibacterial mechanisms of nanomaterials are:surface contact,immersion-penetration,catalytic oxidation,and photothermal bacterial lysis,through which they have good antibacterial performance in oral infectious diseases.(2)Compared with traditional materials,nanomaterials have a high probability of contacting pathogenic bacteria and have strong bacteriostatic ability.These advantages make them achieve good results in the prevention and treatment of oral infections.However,in terms of clinical application,nanomaterials still have many problems,for example:metal nanoparticles have poor biocompatibility and concentration dependence;the biosafety evaluation system of systematic science is not yet mature,and the process from laboratory to clinical transformation is often accompanied by optimization of parameters and even changes in methods.There are not many types of nano-formulations that can be practically applied in clinical practice.Although there are nanomaterials such as liposomes that can be used for largescale production,large-scale and reproducible synthesis of nanoparticles will be more difficult when multi-step modification or complex technology is involved.At present,there are still many nanomaterials whose preparation processes are not perfect,and large-scale production cannot be achieved.The application potential needs to be further explored in the future.