重复使用运载器回收技术现状与挑战

Status and Challenges of Reusable Launch Vehicle Recovery Technology

讨论了重复使用运载器的不同回收方式,分析了不同回收方式的特点,阐述了技术挑战及发展趋势。具体为:针对不同回收方式,先后讨论了垂直起降、伞降回收和水平起降这3种模式的关键技术;在垂直起降方面,重点分析了发动机节流、多次起动和着陆缓冲机构这3类关键技术;在伞降回收方面,重点介绍了基于翼伞的火箭残骸落区控制和空中回收技术。对于基于火箭动力的水平起降,从复杂气动力热环境下相关机理研究、热防护、着陆机构、制导与控制共5个方面对存在的难题进行了分析;最后对3种模式的特点进行了总结和对比分析。

A reusable launch vehicle can take off vertically and horizontally, and then land vertically, horizontally, or by parachute, so as to form various combinations of takeoff and landing schemes. Aiming at the different recovery modes of reusable launch vehicle, this paper discusses the key technologies of Vertical Takeoff and Vertical Landing(VTVL), parachute recovery, and Horizontal Takeoff and Horizontal Landing(HTHL), covering key technologies for other combinations. For VTVL mode, three key technologies, such as engine throttling, multiple start-up, and landing mechanism, are analyzed in detail. For parachute recovery, the technologies relating to the landing area control of rocket jettisons and aerial recovery are introduced. For the HTHL mode based on the rocket propulsion system, five challenges including the coupling mechanism under complex aerodynamic thermal environment,thermal protection, landing mechanisms, guidance and control, are discussed. The characteristics of the three recovery modes are briefly summarized and compared.