人与动物伦理关系的摄影机“凝视”--野生动物纪录片叙事策略及心理机制研究

The Camera’s“Gaze”on the Ethical Relationship between Human Beings and Animals:On the Narrative Strategy and Psychological Mechanism of Wildlife Documentary

多元性和包容性的媒介呈现方式为反思人与动物的关系打开了广阔的伦理空间。“凝视”是野生动物纪录片在拍摄野生动物时使用的特定视觉传达技法。将作为电影镜头语言的“凝视”与动物伦理思想相结合,可知“凝视”何以在交互主体作用中实现了向主体与主体互渗的转变,具体表现为:从“好奇”与“感伤”的主客体凝视到“敬畏”与“同情”的心理转向,以及走向“尊重”与“责任”的行动主义方式。作为影像的述行性行为,走向对话和行动的“凝视”引发并强化了观看者与野生动物的共情,有利于进一步实现对野生动物的跨物种关怀。

The pluralistic and inclusive presentation of media opens up a wide ethical space for reflecting on the relationship between humans and animals. “Gaze” is a specific visual communication technique used in wildlife documentaries. By combining “gaze” as a film lens language with animal ethics, we can know how it can realize the transformation from the interaction of the subjects to the mutual infiltration between the subjects, that is, from the “curious” and “sentimental” gaze that happens between the subject and the object to the psychological turn of “awe” and “sympathy”, and then towards an approach to activism with “respect” and “responsibility”. As the narrative action of images, the “gaze” toward dialogue and action triggers and strengthens the viewer’s empathy with wildlife, which is conducive to the realization of “cross-species” care for wildlife.