作为边疆治理底色的人民治理:当代西藏治理的轨迹、经验与启示

People Governance as a Background Color of FrontierGovernance:The Trajectory,Experience,and Enlightenmentof Contemporary Tibet Governance

从边疆治理理解,民主改革不应简单地理解是一场废除西藏“政教合一”的封建农奴制,它还包含着中国边疆治理进入新的历史阶段。从此之后的西藏治理不再是国家统治者与当地统治者的联合,而是西藏各族人民与内地各族人民群众之间的联合,并在此基础上对边疆实施治理。新中国成立以来的西藏治理的重要特点是,用马克思主义为指导治理边疆,其治理“底色”是“人民”治理,是新中国70年治藏效能提升背后的“治理密码”。“人民”治理是一种新的边疆治理观,也是边疆治理现代化的本质。简单地讲,这种治理方式是站着人民利益角度上治理边疆。治理“底色”为治理边疆提供了基础;在这个基础上,各种有利于边疆发展、稳定和安全的举措均得到实施。中国当代的边疆治理制度和治理体系是在充分显示“人民”治理这一“底色”的基础上不断吸纳改进各种治理办法的结果。同时,也不难发现,作为一种“底色”,“人民”治理并不排斥其他先进的治理方式,恰恰相反,边疆地区是国家的特殊区域空间,与国家治理相联系,与非边疆治理比,有其特殊性。新中国成立以来的西藏治理的重要启示是,维护“人民”治理这个“底色”是边疆治理走向长治久安的根本方向。

After the founding of the People s Republic of China(PRC),the Communist Party of China s governance of the frontier cannot be replicated from the frontier society as it used to be,but should instead be based on the social transformation of the frontier areas.The social transformation of frontier areas begins with class analysis and class struggle.Democratic reforms were implemented there during the quelling of the rebellion.The Tibetan society before the democratic reform was identified as a feudal serf society with“a unity of politics and religion”,and overthrowing this society became the primary task at that time.From the perspective of frontier governance,democratic reform should not be simply understood as an action to abolish feudal serfdom with the“integration of politics and religion”.It also indicates the entry of the state s frontier governance into a new historical stage.From then on,the governance of Tibet no longer was the union of a state ruler and a local ruler,but the union between the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet and the people of all ethnic groups in inland areas,and on this basis,the frontier has been governed.As the class nature of the country changed,so did the class attribute in the frontier governance.Therefore,different from the old China s frontier governance,new frontier governance has adopted its own“background-color”for Tibet and even frontier governance.The reason why China has made such great achievements in frontier governance is related to the production of cultural meanings by all Chinese citizens:Being the“background-color”of frontier governance,“people governance”has been the“governance code”behind more than 70 years of the PRC s improvement in the efficiency of Tibet governance.The governance of Tibet since the founding of the PRC has been successful,the governance efficiency has been continuously improved,and the corresponding governance performance has been impressive,especially since the frontier has been remarkably integrated into the national development,and a mutually supportive relationship with the inland areas has been formed.An important feature of Tibet s governance since the founding of the PRC is that the frontier governance system of China has its characteristics,different from that of other countries in the world and different from that of ancient China.The root cause of China s formation of its characteristics in frontier governance is that after the founding of the PRC,Marxism has been used as a guiding principle to governing the frontiers,and the“background-color”of its governance is“the people governance”.“People governance”is a new concept in frontier governance and the essence of the modernization of frontier governance.Simply speaking,this governance method is to govern the frontier from the perspective of the people s interests.This“background color”of governance provides the basis for the governance of the frontier;on this basis,various measures conducive to the development,stability,and security of the frontier have been implemented.An important revelation of Tibet governance since the founding of the PRC is that maintaining“people governance”as the“background-color”has been the fundamental direction for frontier governance to move towards long-term stability,because“people governance”of the frontier is based on the long-term governance of the CPC in Tibet and guided by a Marxist“people-centered”development concept.And implementing all policies that enhance the commonality of the“Chinese nation”is key to maintaining“the people governance”.