论北魏墓志文末补记三代家世履历现象

On the Phenomenon of Three Generations of Family History Being Supplemented at the End of Epitaphs in the Northern Wei Dynasty

北魏洛阳时代锐意进取,拓跋王朝迅速迈过门阀士族化的门槛,社会面貌日新月异。反映时代变迁的墓志铭在语言风格和书写范式方面随之改变,尤以志文末尾附记三代家世履历最为显著,此举刻意迎合厘定姓族门第之规章典制,额外强调身份等级和资源分配之决定要素家世门第。其中,既有父系的官资履历,亦包括母系的族姓出身,体现北朝士族社会高度重视婚宦的特点。结合中古门阀制度的背景知识,对其内容进行梳理分析,有助于了解当时的仕进程式和婚姻状况,亦不难发现中古贵族社会阶级固化、对流停滞局面的形成机理。通过与明清联系比较,足可揭示古代中国由世袭格局向对流形态演进的总体趋势。跳脱文本窠臼,在尊重“史考”的前提下充分发挥“史义”之阐释功能,把石刻文献研究由“史料”推向“史学”的层次,此乃当代学术发展的必由之路。

During the Luoyang period of the Northern Wei Dynasty,the Hu people country gave up the gentry tradition,bringing new changes to the society.Epitaphs which usually reflect the changes of the times have changed in terms of language style and writing paradigm.The practice of appending the family history of three generations in the end of the epitaph was to cater to the rules and regulations of family name and lineage,and is the key hint and additional emphasis on the determining factor of status and resource allocation.This section of the Epitaph also includes both the patrilineal official assets and the matrilineal family rank,which reflects the characteristics of great attachment to official career and marriage connection in the Northern Dynasty.Combining with the background knowledge of the medieval system,combing and analyzing its content is helpful to understanding the process of official advancement and marital status at that time,and it is not difficult to find the formation mechanism of class solidification and convection stagnation of the medieval aristocratic society.By comparing with Ming and Qing dynasties,we can reveal the general trend of evolution from hereditary pattern to convective pattern in ancient China.The only way for contemporary academic development is to get out of the rut of text,give full play to the interpretation function of“historical meaning”on the premise of respecting“historical investigation”,and push the study of stone carving documents from“historical materials”to the level of“historiography”.