儒户、生员与元明社会管理模式变迁——以基层儒士优免为中心

A Study of Confucian Household,Shengyuan(生员) and the Change of Social Management Model in Yuan and Ming Dynasties:Focusing on the Preferential Exemption Policy toward Grass-roots Confucian Scholars

元明易代后,元代实行的儒户制度与生员制度皆得以延续,但前者已经失去了圈定优免对象的功能,后者在明初扩大发展,成为基层儒士获得优免权的主要渠道。之所以出现这种转变,是因为蒙元时期将儒学视为一种宗教文化,明代则将儒学提升为官方独尊的政治文化,并建立与之相适应的社会流动模式。明代调整基层儒士管理制度,刺激生成了一个新兴的,且具有较大开放性的儒士特权阶层,从而使14世纪以降的中国社会经历了深刻的变革。

In the Ming Dynasty,both the Confucian household and Shengyuan(生员,official school students)systems implemented in the Yuan Dynasty were retained,but the former had lost the function as delineating the object of preferential exemption,while the latter was expanded and developed in the early Ming Dynasty,and became the main channel for grassroots Confucian scholars to obtain preferential exemption.The reason for this change is that there are fundamental differences between the social management models of Yuan and Ming Dynasties:In the Yuan dynasty,Confucianism was regarded as a kind of religious culture,while in the Ming Dynasty,Confucianism was promoted as an official political culture,and a corresponding social mobility model was established.The adjustment of the grass-roots Confucian management system in the Ming Dynasty stimulated the emergence of a new and open Confucian privileged class,which led to profound changes in Chinese society since the 14 th century.