北朝时期关中氐族的分布与融合

Distribution and Integration of the Di People in Guanzhong during the Northern Dynasty

氐族是中国古代历史上的一个重要的民族,有特定的居住地及风俗习惯。文章在利用相关文献的基础上,运用碑刻资料对北朝时期关中氐族的分布与融合进行了梳理。厘清了氐族在关中的迁徙与分布状况,指出了这一时期关中的氐族已遍布关中雍、岐、华三州。尤以雍州地区氐族分布广泛,且活动频繁。除传统聚居地京兆郡的长安、蓝田外,还扩散到了今咸阳的三原、礼泉、彬县、永寿、泾阳、淳化、兴平;铜川的耀州、宜君;渭南的富平等地;岐州氐族分布在传统的美阳、雍、汧、隃麋一带;华州氐族则分布在氐、羌聚居地李润堡附近及今华县地区。并揭示出了氐族在与其他民族杂居、通婚和自由迁徙过程中,原有的风俗习惯有了改变,进而融入到了由多民族形成的中华民族共同体内的这段史实。

The Di are an ethnic community with a long record in Chinese history,which are often grouped together with the Qiang as Di-Qiang.Since pre-Qin Dynasty times,the Di people had been settling down in the border region of Sichuan,Shaanxi,and Gansu provinces.Records show Di people that took up residence in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province,gradually integrated with the local Han,Qiang,and other ethnicities during the Northern Dynasty.Throughout this period,a large number of Di in the adjacent areas of Sichuan,Shaanxi,and Gansu moved to the Guanzhong area for various reasons.With a mix of cultures,ethnicities,and communication with local Han and other ethnic groups,the distribution scope of the Di also expanded,and cross-ethnic integration became more and more matured.Based on relevant historical literature and inscriptions unearthed in the Guanzhong region,this paper analyzes the specific distribution and integration of the Di in Guanzhong in history.The Di in Guanzhong had been experiencing ethnic migration since the Western Jin Dynasty and the 16 Kingdoms,and at the time of the Northern Dynasty they had spread all over Yongzhou(雍州),Qizhou(岐州),and Huazhou(华州)in the Guanzhong area.In particular the Di in the Yongzhou area were widely dispersed and seemed to have frequent activities.These Di people not only lived together in family clan units,but also strengthened mutual communication among ethnic groups related to topics like race,language,custom,economy,and culture,and finally embarked on a road of ethnic integration,through interaction with other groups and the promotion of,for example,a common region,economic life,and psychological quality.Concerning cross-ethnic integration,findings display there are many forms,such as integration due to mixed residence,due to intermarriage,and due to free migration.Concerning the first one,mixed residence-integration,when the Di migrated into Guanzhong,the Northern Dynasty area once again turned into an interlaced and mixed habitat of different ethnicities.These ethnic groups living in different societies,large and small,appeared to be closely related to each other.Through daily and frequent exchanges,they learned to better understand the lifestyle of other ethnic groups,promoting mutual learning among different ethnic groups,realizing the mutual transformation and cross-ethnic exchange,and resulting finally in ethnic mixing.About intermarriage integration,exogamy,as a common means of communication,appears to play an important role in ethnic communication and is a powerful way to break through ethnic boundaries and realize contact and integration with other ethnic groups.During this period,the Di had begun to change from a traditional internal marriage system to an external marriage system:They started to intermarry with Qiang and Han people,with marriage to Han people becoming the dominant one.With respect to free-migration integration,in addition to large-scale migration resulting from governmental activity,there were also some free immigrants whose main reasons for migration were due to religious activities or getting an official title there.