生态视角下德租时期青岛城市形态基因研究

Urban Morphological Gene of Qingdao During German Occupation Period from the Ecological Perspective

城市形态的生成受到自然与人工双重作用的影响,形态生成基因对其特征起到决定性作用。德国人在青岛实践了早期城市生态设计的发展理念,山海同构的自然地理是空间营建的生态基底,现代城市规划理论和建筑技术的介入使城市进入高效的城市化转型阶段。近代青岛城市顺应自然生态本底,关注公共健康,成为城市生态与空间形态有机统一的历史样本。该文以德租时期青岛城市规划与建成图纸为技术依托,结合历史照片、文献史料等,从城市选址与自然环境、空间格局与街道形态、城市绿化与市政建设3个方面,剖析在自然、制度、文化等多重形态生成基因影响下新城市空间形态的生态特征。对近代城市生态实践成功案例的溯源解读,以期对当前城市历史空间形态基因的保护与传承提供启示。

The formation of urban morphology is affected by the dual effects of nature and man-made.The urban morphological genes play a decisive role in spatial characteristics.The Germans practiced the early development concept of urban ecological design in Qingdao with the natural geography of mountain and sea.The intervention of modern urban planning theory and architectural technology has brought the city into a stage of efficient urbanization transformation.Modern Qingdao became a historical sample of the organic unity of urban ecology and spatial form,as it conformed to the natural ecological background and payed attention to public health.Combined the technical support of urban planning and construction drawings during the German occupation period with historical photos,document and on-site investigations,we analyze the ecological characteristics of the new city from the perspective of location and natural environment,spatial pattern and street morphology,urban greening and municipal construction under the influence of multiple morphogenesis genes such as nature,system,and culture.The tracing interpretation of the successful cases of modern urban ecological practice is expected to provide inspiration for the protection and inheritance of the current urban historical spatial morphology genes.