我国西南和东部地区野生油茶及其近缘物种资源调查、收集与保护

Survey,collection,and conservation of wild Camellia oleifera Abel.and related species in Southwest and East China

油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)泛指山茶属(Camellia)中种子含油较高的植物,在我国长江流域及以南区域广泛分布。为掌握我国油茶及其近缘物种种质资源的分布状况和受保护情况,加强油茶资源的保护和有效发掘利用,本研究从2016-2021年持续对我国西南及部分东部地区6省(30区/县/市)55个调查点的油茶种质资源进行了实地调查。结果显示,我国油茶种质资源具有多样性高且分布广泛的特点,以普通油茶数量最多,且分布最广。在55个调查点中,约11%处于离城镇较远的山区或自然保护区内,受保护情况良好。其他资源零星分布于边远山区的杂木灌林或是成片老油茶林中,都处于一般保护或无保护状态,同时栖息地也遭受严重破坏,如砍伐频繁、修路开荒等,甚至有些资源已濒临灭绝。课题组共收集油茶野生资源干燥叶片样本778份,通过实生苗移栽和嫁接方式迁地保存野生油茶种质资源2444份,现保存于四川雅安凤鸣农业园区油茶基地和天全县油茶专家大院。基于对油茶及其近缘物种的分布状况和数量的分析,讨论了可能的受威胁因素和保护过程中存在的问题,并提出了对将来油茶及其近缘物种种质资源的保护策略及发展方向。

Camellia oleifera Abel.is characterized by high oil content in its seeds and is widely distributed in the Yangtze River Basin and southern region of China.To understand the distribution and protection status of germplasm resources of C.oleifera and related species in China,and to strengthen the protection,exploration,and utilization of germplasm resources,we conducted field investigations at 55 survey sites in six provinces(30 districts/counties/cities)in southwest and eastern regions of China from 2016 to 2021.Results showed that germplasm resources were highly diverse and widely distributed,with common C.oleifera being the most abundant and widely dispersed.Among the 55 survey sites,11%were in well-protected mountainous areas or nature reserves far from cities and towns.Other resources were scattered in mixed tree irrigation forests or old C.oleifera forest patches in remote mountainous areas,in generally protected or unprotected states.Many habitats have suffered serious damage,including frequent deforestation,road construction,and wasteland reclamation,and some resources were on the verge of extinction.A total of 778 dried leaf samples of wild C.oleifera were collected and 2444 germplasm resources were preserved by transplanting and grafting seedlings.These resources were stored in the C.oleifera Base of Fengming Agricultural Park in Ya’an(Sichuan,China)and the C.oleifera Expert Compound in Tianquan County(Sichuan,China).Based on the distribution and abundance of C.oleifera and related species,we discuss the possible risk factors and conservation issues as well as strategies and development directions for the conservation of the germplasm resources of these species.