《民法典》实施背景下森林资源用途管制的规范构造

Normative Construction of Forest Resource Use Regulation in the Context of Implementing Civil Code

我国尚未构建起明确森林资源权利与公权力边界的森林资源用途管制制度,《民法典》的实施为森林资源用途管制重构提供了制度框架。《民法典》“绿色原则”划定私人自治的绿色边界,为公权力介入森林资源权利进行森林资源用途管制提供指引,同时明确森林资源用途管制的制度目标是有效利用森林资源实现公众的森林生态服务需求,降低森林资源用途管制成本,提高管制效率。禁止权利滥用明确了森林资源用途管制的权力边界:公权力应当且仅能在权利主体滥用私权妨碍森林生态功能的前提下才能限制私权,同时森林资源用途管制制度还应防范公权力利用禁止权利滥用原则过度干预私权。征收条款进一步厘清公权力基于公共利益需要干预私权应遵循的程序要求和补偿条件,为森林资源用途管制的核心构造奠定制度基础:应赋予森林资源权利主体对公益林区划的知情权、参与权、陈述权、听证权、退出权及区划错误时的救济权;提高公益林补偿标准,在确保公众生态利益的前提下最大限度保护森林资源权利主体的经济利益。

China has not yet constructed a forest resource use regulation system that defines the boundaries between forest resource rights and public authority.The implementation of the Civil Code provides an institutional framework for restructuring forest resource use regulation.The"Green Principles"of the Civil Code set out the green boundaries of private autonomy and provide guidance for public intervention in forest resource rights.The"Green Principles"clarify that the institutional objective of the regulation is to effectively use forest resources to achieve the public demand for forest ecological services and to reduce the cost of the regulation.The prohibition of abuse of rights clarifies the boundaries of public authority in the regulation:public authority should restrict private rights if the abuse of private rights by the subject of the right impedes the ecological function of the forest.The forest resource use regulation system should also prevent public authority from using the principle of prohibition of abuse of rights to interfere excessively with private rights.The expropriation provisions further clarify the procedural requirements and conditions of compensation for public authority to interfere with private rights based on the public interest.The regulation system should give corresponding procedural rights to forest resource right subjects.Thesystem should also raise the compensation standard for public welfare forests to maximize the protection of the economic interests of forest resource rights holders under the premise of ensuring public ecological interests.