企业新型学徒制技能人才培养模式的中国实践

New Apprenticeship in Enterprises: Chinese Practice of the Skilled Personnel Training Mode

学徒制在中外均有很长的历史,利用师带徒的形式,培养企业所需的技能人才,是职业教育和培训领域长期研究的热点问题之一。在我国,主要存在于人力资源社会保障部门所管辖的技工院校中,由企业和学校共同进行的这种技能人才培养模式被称为“企业新型学徒制”(简称为“新型学徒制”)。它是一种基于人类学的情境认知与学习理论、认知学徒制理论、职业能力发展理论、职场学习理论、综合集成理论等发展出来的新的企业技能人才培养制度,借鉴了传统学徒制后形成的一种人才培养模式,它主要面向企业员工,特别是新招录和新转岗员工,开展企校结合的培养培训,旨在为本企业培养技能人才。同时,它也为技能人才提供了终身职业技能提升的通道。在对企业新型学徒制的内涵特征、法律政策、实施成效的梳理,对其运行模式的总结,对参与各方的职责和运行机制分析的基础上,对目前新型学徒制发展中存在的各种问题做了剖析,并提出了建设高质量学徒制的愿景和优化的路径。

Apprenticeship has a long history both at home and abroad. It trains skilled personnel for enterprises by mentoring apprentices, becoming one of the hot topics in the field of vocational education and training. In China, New Apprenticeship in enterprises is to jointly cultivate students by enterprises and schools, widely existing in technical schools governed by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security(MOHRSS). This new talent training mode learns experiences from traditional apprenticeship, supported by situated and cognitive learning theory in anthropology, cognitive apprenticeship, occupational competency development theory, workplace learning theory, and comprehensive integration theory. It is mainly for enterprise employees, especially newly recruited and newly transferred employees. At the same time, it also provides a channel for skilled personnel to improve their lifelong occupational skills. Given its significance, this study combs its connotation characteristics,policies, and implementation effects, summarizing its operation mode, and analyzing the responsibilities and operation mechanisms of all parties involved. On the existing issues, the article puts forward the vision and optimization path to build a high-quality apprenticeship system.