需求侧创新政策国外实践及对我国的启示

Foreign Practice of Demand Side Policy to Promote Innovation and Its Enlightenment to China

需求侧以及需求和供给之间存在大量市场失灵和系统故障问题。需求侧创新政策可以有效地支持供给侧政策,刺激经济增长,同时与社会需求相联系。需求侧创新政策涵盖了多种政策工具,包括创新公共采购、法规和标准、支持私人需求以及系统性政策等。研究了主要创新型国家在需求侧创新政策实践方面的最新进展,从在充分了解我国能力和可用空间的基础上选择有效的政策工具、创造性地思考公共采购创新的方式、在区域层面探索实施系统性政策或刺激私人需求的政策、在政策执行过程中开展持续评估和修订工作等方面提出了完善我国需求侧创新政策的建议。

Demand side innovation policy refers to "a set of public measures to increase innovation demand to improve the conditions for absorbing innovation or improve the expression of demand,so as to stimulate innovation and innovation dissemination".There are a lot of market and system failures between demand and supply.The demand side innovation policy can spread innovation by increasing the demand of users ’ demand for innovation,reduce producers ’ technical risks and uncertainties,effectively support the supply-side policy and stimulate economic growth.Practice has proved that the demand side innovation policy has become a part of innovation strategies and industrial policies at the level of many countries and the EU,especially in areas with strong productive public expenditure and social demand,such as environment,energy,health and food.Compared with the rich experiences of demand side innovation policies in developed countries,China has a certain practical foundation in promoting innovation in government procurement,but the application of demand side policy tools such as pre-commercial procurement,regulations and standardization,and leading the market is still in the exploratory stage.In order to achieve the goal of demand side policy promoting innovation,China needs to further learn from foreign advanced experience and adopt a series of demand side innovation policy tools to help innovative products and services enter the market.In view of this,this paper first summarizes and reviews the theoretical basis of demand side innovation policies.Based on the existing understanding and classification methods,demand side innovation policies are divided into four categories:public procurement,regulations and standardization,support for private demand,and systematic policies.Through extensive and in-depth literature research and tracking,this paper systematically combs the latest progress in the practice of demand side innovation policies in major foreign countries,including practice cases such as pre-commercial procurement and public procurement of innovative,as well as good policy design to ensure the effectiveness of policy implementation;regulations and standardization practice cases as government regulatory tools;application scenarios that support private demand through financial and nonfinancial measures;the progress of demand side policies such as leading market initiatives and living laboratories,which are typical representatives of systemic policies.Finally,this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of selecting effective policy tools,thinking creatively of public innovative procurement methods,exploring and applying systematic policies or policies to stimulate private demand at the regional level,and conducting continuous evaluation and revision in the process of policy implementation,which provides useful references for China to improve demand-side innovation policies and promote the effective coordination between demand-side management and supply-side structural reform.