实践取向教师教育改革的范例——美国“斯波萨托教育研究生院”课程与教学初探

An Example of Practice-based Teacher Education Reform:A Preliminary Study on Curriculum and Instruction of Sposato Graduate School of Education in the United States

进入21世纪以来,美国教师教育改革出现了强劲的实践转向势头。“斯波萨托教育研究生院”是美国实践取向教师教育改革的典型代表之一,在美国乃至世界都具有重要的影响力。它创建了自己独特的教师培养机制,两年的教师培养课程完全建立在以实习为核心的实践教学的基础上,建立了富有逻辑性、连贯性、层次性和渐进性的实践课程体系,并将之与硕士研究生学位课程紧密结合起来。同时,建立了基于教学“动作”和反馈的教学实施和教学评价制度。其优势在于:注重教师教育改革与基础教育改革的一体化;重视教师教育的实践维度并将之作为改革的突破点;突出实习课程的重要地位并进行系列化精细设计;强调教师教育课程间的相互联系和相互渗透。我国在学习借鉴时,应注意避免其不足与局限。

There has been a strong practice turn in teacher education reform in the United States since the beginning of the 21st century.The Sposato Graduate School of Education is one of the examples of its implementation,which is influential not only in the United States and but also in the world.The School has established its own unique teacher-training mechanism,whose two-year curriculum is completely based on internship-centered practical teaching.It has also established a logical,coherent,hierarchical and progressive practical course system,which is closely linked with the degree courses of graduates.In the mean time,the implementation and evaluation system based on teaching practice and feedback is constructed,whose advantages are as follows:enhancing the integration of teacher education and basic education reform;paying attention to the practical dimension of teacher education that can be taken as the breakthrough of the reform;highlighting the importance of practical courses and refining the course design;emphasizing the interweaving connections among the teacher education courses.However,it is imperative for us to be more conscientious so as to avoid the shortcomings and limitations it entailed.