提高水稻种植效益的对策探讨

Discussion on the Countermeasures to Improve the Benefit of Rice Planting

对桃源县30个家庭农场2020—2021年连续2年种植水稻情况进行跟踪调查,统计分析种植水稻效益,在不计算政策性补贴时每公顷收入为:再生稻(11 062.8元)>双季稻(3 513.0元)>一季稻(3 339.0元);加上政策性补贴时每公顷收入为:双季稻(5 268.0元)>一季稻(4 126.5元),但也远低于再生稻。从粮食单产来看,种植双季稻单产12 945 kg/hm^(2),比种植一季稻高4 470 kg/hm^(2),高于再生稻750 kg/hm^(2),种植双季稻或再生稻可确保国家粮食安全。据此提出提高水稻种植效益的对策为:抓好农田基础设施建设,确保水旱无忧;发展订单生产,解决稻谷销路;引导农户购买水稻保险,防范种稻风险;建立村级土地流转托管中心、严防耕地撂荒;加大扶弱培强力度,支持适度规模经营等政策性保障。全程推广农业机械化,提高劳动生产率;合理安排种植模式,主推优质杂交水稻品种;确定好播种适期;科学管理肥水防止倒伏;搞好化学除草,防治好病虫害;多措并举综合降镉等技术性保障。

A follow-up survey was conducted on 30 family farms in Taoyuan County for two consecutive years from 2020 to 2021 to statistically analyze the benefits of rice planting.Without calculating policy subsidies,the income per hectare was:Ratooning Rice(11062.8 yuan)>double cropping rice(3513 yuan)>one cropping rice(3339 yuan).When policy subsidies are added,the income per hectare:Double Cropping Rice(5268 yuan)>one cropping rice(4126.5 yuan),which was also far lower than that of Ratooning Rice.The benefit of planting double cropping rice or one cropping rice was not as good as that of planting ratooning rice.In terms of grain yield per unit area,the yield per unit area of 12945 kg/hm^(2) of double cropping rice was 4470 kg/hm^(2) higher than that of one cropping rice,slightly higher than that of Ratooning Rice(750 kg/hm^(2)).Planting double cropping rice or ratooning rice can ensure national food security.Accordingly,the countermeasures to improve the benefits of rice planting were put forward as follows:do a good job in the construction of irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure to ensure that there was no worry about floods and droughts.Develop order production to solve the rice market.Guide farmers to buy rice insurance to prevent rice planting risks.The adjustment of the minimum purchase price of rice should match the price of agricultural materials.Establish village level land transfer trusteeship center to strictly prevent the abandonment of cultivated land.We will strengthen efforts to support the weak and foster the strong,and support policy guarantees such as appropriate scale operations.Promote agricultural machinery in the whole process to improve labor productivity.Reasonably arrange the planting mode and mainly promote high-quality hybrid rice varieties.Sufficient seed quantity for field use.Determine the appropriate sowing date.Scientific management of fertilizer and water to prevent lodging.Do well in chemical weeding.Prevent and control diseases and pests.Take multiple measures to comprehensively reduce cadmium and other technical support.