基于新冠肺炎疫情视角的国际多边等效规制及其实施

International Multilateral Equivalence Regulation and Its Implementation from the Perspective of COVID-19 Pandemic

与新冠肺炎防疫有关的检验、检疫、协调与等效承认、第三方认证、风险评估等质量安全保障措施属于WTO《SPS协定》所定义的SPS措施。《SPS协定》第4条和SPS委员会发布的《等效决议》确立了SPS措施等效的多边规则。国际多边等效的难点和痛点在于产品质量管控和认证的可靠性、规范性等关于等效实施的基础条件以及等效规则的有效实施。从全球新冠肺炎疫情应对实践来看,WHO基于疫苗的公平获得和公平分配、美国基于防疫的紧急需要对我国防疫物品(包括疫苗)实施了单边、自主的等效认定。防疫物品的“紧急使用授权”是SPS措施等效的极简形式。我国要通过强化防疫物品的质量管控、推动防疫物品SPS措施的国际协调、积极参与跨国认证来强化新冠肺炎疫情防控实施的SPS等效基础,减少以疫苗为核心的全球防疫公共物品的贸易扭曲。

Quality and safety guarantee measures related to inspection,quarantine,harmonization and equivalence,third-party certification and risk assessment related to COVID-19 pandemic prevention belong to the SPS measures defined in the WTO SPS Agreement.The SPS Agreement and the Decision on Equivalence issued by the SPS Committee establish the rules for equivalence recognition of SPS measures.From the perspective of the global COVID-19 preventing practice,both the WHO and the Untied States have implemented their own unilateral and independent recognition of China’s pandemic prevention supplies and vaccines based on the fair access and fair distribution of vaccines and the emergency use of pandemic prevention,respectively.The Emergency Use Authorization of pandemic prevention supplies is a minimalist form of equivalence recognition of SPS measures.China should strengthen the quality control over epidemic prevention products,promote international coordination of SPS measures for epidemic prevention products,and actively participate in cross national certification to strengthen the SPS recognition base of COVID-19 prevention,and reduce the trade distortions of the global epidemic prevention public goods with the vaccines as the core.