碳排放权的规范解构与实践反思

Emission Trading Right:Regulation Deconstruction and Practice Examination

全国碳排放权交易是利用市场机制减少温室气体排放的制度创新,也是落实“双碳”目标的重要政策工具。已有研究主要从静态、宏观的视角讨论碳排放权的性质和法治化路径,对解决碳排放权交易制度运行的具体问题策应性不足。碳排放权的权利变动包含初始分配、市场交易、核查清缴三个前后关联又相对独立的实践阶段,使得碳排放权在不同阶段呈现出各具特色的法律属性并对应不同的现实问题。因此,在规范层面,应当完善碳配额分配方案、碳交易主体与产品、温室气体监测-报告-核查规范体系。在纠纷解决上,应当赋予排放企业异议权,明确排放企业通过民事或行政诉讼主张权利的具体情形。

The emission trading system is a market-based mechanism and an institutional innovation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,as well as a major policy instrument to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.Current studies,which focus on the legal nature of emission trading rights and the legal pathway from a static and broad perspective,are insufficient to tackle the practical issues during the process of emission trading.In practice,the exercise of emission trading rights falls into three multi-nexus phases:allowance allocation,marking trading,verification and surrender;each phase is independent but interrelated.Therefore,the carbon allocation plan,trading participants and products,as well as the greenhouse gas monitoring-reporting-verification system should be improved to achieve the regulation.To resolve disputes,the right of veto should be granted to emitting entities,so as to clarify the circumstances of filing civil lawsuits or administrative appeals.