波普尔历史主义的唯心主义属性及其内在悖论

Refuting Popper’s Criticism of Marxist Historical Determinism

面对复杂的社会现实和时代,马克思强调从客观上总体把握社会发展的规律和特点,而波普尔站在主体精神的立场上,夸大了社会复杂的难度,以精神尤其是知识的不可预测性来否定马克思,走向了不可知论和相对主义。在社会发展模式上,波普尔否定生产力对历史发展的推动作用,而是把上层建筑尤其是知识作为推动社会发展的决定作用,夸大了知识的合理作用,扩大了其适用范围,以致成为一种谬误。在方法论上,他彻底否定了归纳方法的有用性,夸大了演绎方法的理性作用,将演绎法绝对化,将证伪方法作为唯一标准,最终走向了非理性主义、不可知论和相对主义。在实践上,波普尔主张渐进技术方法,实际上是主张对资本主义进行改良,以量变来否定质变。在对世界的认知、划分上,波普尔区分了客观物理世界、主观思维世界和客观知识世界,将主观思维世界和客观知识世界割裂开来,在主客二分的基础上再次对主观世界进行了割裂,在本体论上走向了柏拉图式的客观唯心主义,或者说笛卡尔一样的二元主义。

Popper called the social philosophy of recognizing and applying historical laws “historical determinism”.He regarded historical determinism as a kind of dynamic thinking and myth,doubted the revolutionary role of historical determinism,and denied the regularity of historical development.In his opinion,the law of history could not be predicted,but could only be regarded as a conjecture and hypothesis.On this basis,he tried to cancel the philosophical basis of social development planning.In practice,Popper advocated progressive technology method,regarding falsification method as the only standard in reasoning,and absolutizing deduction method in logic.Popper’s negation of historical determinism was to oppose the fascism at that time.However,he denied the objective regularity of historical development,confused natural sciences with social sciences.And he introduced falsification and deduction in the field of social science,mistakenly took historical determinism as the root of totalitarianism,denied induction with falsification,denied induction with deduction,and finally moved towards agnosticism and relativism.