父母身份的法理重述——以人工生殖技术的应用为背景

Legal Restatement of Parental Identity——Against the Background of Artificial Reproduction Technology Application

人工生殖技术的应用可以使基因、孕育及抚养身份发生分离,由此带来了父母身份判断的法律难题。基于血缘主义确立的父母观念和模式有一定合理性,但不应是确认父母身份的唯一标准。父母身份的判定,应从血缘主义走向社会贡献模式。在判定母亲身份时,“分娩者为母”这一传统仍然具有适用性;而在判断父亲的身份时,应区分传统自然生殖与人工辅助生殖两种语境。基于自然生殖模式生育的子女,其父亲的身份按照婚生推定优先于血缘的规则进行确认;而在确定人工生殖子女父亲时,应当考虑担任父亲的意愿与抚养事实两大因素。

The application of artificial reproduction technology may separate genetic inheritance, gestation and caregiving status, which brings about the legal problem of judging parental identity. The ideal and model of parenthood based on kinship seems rational, but it should not be the only criterion for confirming parental identity. The criterion for the evaluation of parental identity should move from kinship to social contribution. When determining maternal identity, the tradition that “the laborer is the mother” should still be observed. When judging paternal identity, the two contexts of traditional natural reproduction and artificial assisted reproduction should be distinguished: The confirmation of the identity of the father of children born in traditional natural reproduction observes the rule of presumption of legitimacy over the blood relationship;the confirmation of the identity of the father of children born under artificial assistance should consider two elements of the father’s willingness and the fact of raising.