《民法典》违约方合同解除权解释论

The Interpretation of the Right of the Defaulting Party to Terminate a Contract under the Civil Code

违约方解除合同的目的在于解决合同僵局和克服解除制度局限,但《民法典》第580条受非金钱债务的限制及“不能实现合同目的”中合同目的模糊性而应用受阻。对非金钱债务的限制反映了违约方合同解除权立法的偏倚,本应弥补合同解除制度的独立权利却成为继续履行抗辩的补充。根据现有的违约方合同解除条件,可参照法定解除权对债务类型扩张解释。契约目的之内涵,应当限制解释路径,并将其限定于共同目的以平衡各方利益。根据合同目的的主客观二元认识,法院在认定共同目的时为限制其主观目的(动机)的范围,还应坚持表示主义与理性人的双重标准。

The purpose of the defaulting party to terminate a contract is to resolve contract deadlocks and overcome institutional limitations, whereas the practices of the Article 580 of the Civil Code have been hindered as being restricted by non-monetary obligations and the ambiguity of contract purpose in the accusation of “inability to achieve contract purpose”. The restriction of non-monetary obligations reflects the bias in the legislation of the right of the defaulting party to terminate a contract: the ought-to-be independent right to remedy the contract termination system becomes a complement to the continual performance of defense. Based on the current judicial termination theory, the termination conditions can refer to legal relief right and explain the expansion of obligation types. The interpretating paths of the connotation of contract purpose should be limited to the shared ends of all parties to balance their interests. According to the binary subjective and objective cognition of contract purpose, when recognizing shared ends as the scope of subjective purpose(motivation), the court is supposed to adhere to the double standard of objective interpretation and rational people.