工业化背景下30年来中国东北地区自然资源时空变化及其生态环境效应

Temporal and spatial variation of natural resources and their ecological environment effects in Northeast China in the past 30 years under the background of industrialization

【研究目的】基于1990—2018年间的土地利用空间分布数据、数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)、植被、气象等数据,对位于东北地区自然资源时空变化及其区域生态环境效应进行定量分析。【研究方法】按照东北地区自然−地理−资源分布规律,通过定量计算与定性分析相结合的区划分析手段,将研究区划分为7个二级自然资源亚区和14个三级自然资源地区,分析其近30年来(1990—2018年)自然资源时空动态特征及生态环境效应。【研究结果】结果表明:(1)近30年,研究区最主要的变化是森林、草地转变为耕地、水体与湿地,同时大量耕地被开发为建设用地,以及草地的荒漠化现象较突出。这与当地的老工业基地振兴政策、强农惠农政策等关系紧密。(2)研究区整体生态环境质量呈下降趋势,尤其是I1、I5、I6、I7二级亚区(I1三江平原温带耕地亚区、I5小兴安岭山地温带森林亚区、I6山前平原温带耕地亚区和I7松辽平原温带草耕亚区)。(3)森林、草地转变为耕地,大量面积的草地荒漠化等变化类型,对研究区生态环境质量恶化的生态贡献率较大。【结论】近30年,研究区大量森林、草地转变为耕地和水体与湿地,大量耕地被开发为建设用地以及草地荒漠化加剧,其I1、I5、I6、I7二级亚区生态环境质量下降趋势较显著,森林、草地转变为耕地以及草地荒漠化等变化类型对此现象的生态贡献率较大。

This paper is the result of the natural resources survey engineering.[Objective]Based on the spatial data of land use,Digital Elevation Model(DEM),vegetation and meteorological data we quantitatively analyzed temporal and spatial variation of natural resources and their effects on regional ecological environment in Northeast China from 1990 to 2018.[Methods]In accordance with the distribution regularity of nature,geography and natural resource in Northeast China,the study area was divided into 7 second-class zones and 14 third-class zones in comprehensive regionalization of natural resources by combining quantitative calculation and qualitative analysis.This paper analyzed temporal and spatial dynamic characteristics of natural resources and their ecological environmental effects in recent 30 years.[Results]The results showed as follows:(1)The main changes in the study area were the conversion of forest and grassland to cultivated land and water body and wetland from 1990 to 2018.Meanwhile,large areas of cultivated land was developed into built-up areas.In addition,the transformation of grassland to desertification was also prominent.The above phenomena were closely related to the local policy of revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China and strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers policy,etc.(2)The overall ecological environment quality of the study area showed a declining trend,especially in I1,I5,I6 and I7 subregions(I1) Sanjiang plain temperate arable subregion,I5 Mountain temperate forest subregion of Lesser Khingan Mountains,I6 Piedmont plain temperate arable subregion and I7 Songliao plain temperate grass-tillage subregion.(3)The main reasons for the deterioration of ecological environment quality were that forest land and grassland were reclaimed as cultivated land and that grassland was turning to desertification.[Conclusions]In the past 30 years,large areas of forest and grassland in the study area have been transformed into cultivated land and water body and wetland,cultivated land has been developed into built-up areas and grassland desertification has intensified.There was a significant decreasing trend of ecological environment quality in the I1,I5,I6 and I7 subregions.The conversion of forest and grassland to cultivated land and grassland desertification mainly contributed to this phenomenon.