白浆土改良研究进展及展望

Research Progress and Prospect on Improvement Effect of Albic Soil

白浆土是分布于我国黑龙江省和吉林省的一种低产土壤,主要存在养分含量低、质地硬、透水效果差等缺点。三江平原是国家重要的商品粮基地,白浆土约占该地区耕地面积的1/4。改良低产地块,利用好白浆土耕地对东北地区粮食的稳产增产有着重大的意义。本文介绍了白浆土形成的机理及低产的原因,总结了物料投入和机械改良两大白浆土改良策略,综述了不同改良方法对养分含量和物理状况的影响。白浆土的形成与分散在水中的粘粒下行和干湿交替导致的氧化还原环境变化有关。黑土层薄和存在障碍层次导致了白浆土低产。物料投入提高了氮、磷、钾及有机质等养分含量,促进团聚体形成,提高微生物及酶的活性。机械改土打破了障碍层次,改变了固、液、气三相之比,提高了水分渗透性,降低了土壤硬度。分析了不同改土方式的优缺点,对白浆土改良未来的发展方向进行了展望。

Albic soil is a low-yield soil distributed in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces of China with the disadvantages of low nutrient content,hard texture,and poor water permeability.Sanjiang Plain is the vital national commodity grain production base where the albic soil captures around a quarter of the farming acreage.It is of great significance to improve the low-yield plots for the stabilization and increase of the cereal crops in the Northeast Region.Two major improvement strategies for albic soil including material input and mechanical improvement were introduced in this paper.The effects of different improvement methods on nutrient content and physical condition were summarized.The formation of the albic soil was affected by the downward water stream dispersed with clay particles and the oxidation-deoxidation environment change caused by alternate wetting and drying.The reasons for the low production of albic soil were the thin black soil layer and the existence of the barrier layer.The material input increased the contents of nutrients,promoted the formation of aggregates,and improved the activities of microorganisms and enzymes.Mechanical soil modification broke the barrier layer,changed the ratio of the gas,liquid,and solid phase,and improved the water permeability.The soil hardness was also reduced after the operation.Finally,this paper analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of different soil improvement methods and forecasted the future development direction of albic soil improvement.