尼采的“主奴道德思想”探微

A Study of Nietzsche s“Master-Slave Moral Thought”

在《论道德的谱系》中,尼采论述了奴隶道德颠覆主人道德并取得“道德中的奴隶起义”的胜利,在他看来,现代道德价值的真面目是内含“虚无主义病症”的“奴隶道德”,而与奴隶道德共同拥有“反应性”特征的怨恨是理解“道德中的奴隶起义”的阿里阿德涅之线。因而,想要破解尼采这一思想中的逻辑密码,进而立足当下重新评判尼采对现代性道德所做的“诊断”,就需要充分揭示“怨恨”在“奴隶道德起义”中的发生、发展的微观机制,进一步追问“道德的‘奴隶起义’及其所取得的颠覆性‘胜利’”的发生逻辑,这对于深刻把握尼采对道德价值的批判以及重思现代性来说极为重要。

In On the Genealogy of Morality,Nietzsche distinguishes between two different systems of evaluation,i.e.,the master morality and the slave morality,and discovers“the slave revolt in morality”by exploring the origin of moral values.But why does the slave revolt take place and what motivates it?To answer this query,Nietzsche finds the“resentment”,which shares the same“reactive”character with the slave morality,is the origin of modern morality and plays a crucial role in this development.But how does resentment work,and what are the origins of resentment itself?On the one hand,this paper opposes to a kind of strategic interpretation,which hypothesizes a clear political purpose of resentment,but analyzes the moral psychology characteristic of resentment by understanding it as a psychological mechanism.On the other hand,by tracing resentment stemmed from the tension between“impotency”and“desire”,not only from“weak”,this paper reveals the complexity of resentment in the occurrence and development of slave revolt.On this basis,this paper further examines the logic of the slave revolt in morality and its subversive victory to grasp Nietzsche s criticism of modern moral values.