重评戴震--关于戴震思想在中国社会历史发展中的地位和意义的省思

A Re-evaluation of Dai Zhen:Reflections on the Role and Significance of Dai Zhen’s Thought in the Social and Historical Development of China

戴震思想的研究,长期停留于汉学与宋学、经学与理学以至于“欲”与“理”的方法之争和概念之辩以及唯物与唯心、理学与反理学的思想路线斗争的理论研究层面上,遮蔽了戴震思想在中国古代思想尤其是儒学思想发展历史以至于中国社会历史发展中的地位和意义,从而也就不能全面地、准确地和完整地评论和判定戴震思想的真实价值和历史贡献。从宋明理学以及儒家思想的历史发展尤其是其内在的思想理论的继承和发展的关系、这种传承关系所导致的原有思想理论的深层结构的深刻变化,以及这一变化所产生的理论与实践关系的变动的社会影响三个方面,反省和反思戴震思想的地位和意义,重新评判戴震思想的真实价值和历史贡献。得到的结论是:首先,从宋明理学的发展历史看,戴震是新安理学的终结者;其次,从儒家思想理论自身继承和发展的历史实际看,戴震是儒家思想理论自身继承和发展的哲理化进程的终结者;最后,从理论与实践的关系看,戴震是通过关于“理欲之辨”的理论批判所实现的对于“理学思辨模式”的片面的和偏激的思想实质及其反社会和敌视人的社会功能批判的实践批判者。

The research of Dai Zhen s thought has long stayed at the theoretical level and over the controversies between the Han studies and the Song studies,between Confucian classics and Neo-Confucianism as well as the methods and concepts of“desire”and“reason”,involving the ideological struggles between materialism and idealism,and between Neo-Confucianism and anti-Neo-Confucianism,which has obscured the role and significance of Dai Zhen s thought in the development history of ancient Chinese thought,especially Confucianism,and the social and historical development of China.As a result,it is impossible to comprehensively,accurately and completely assess the real value and historical significance of Dai Zhen s thought.This paper attempts to truthfully reveal the role and significance of Dai Zhen s thought and reassess its true value and historical contribution from three aspects:the historical development of Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties,especially the relationship between the inheritance and the development of its inner thoughts and theories,the profound changes in the deep structure of the original thoughts and theories caused by this relationship of inheritance,and the social influence of the changes in the relationship between theory and practice.The paper reaches the following conclusions:firstly,from the development history of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties,Dai Zhen was the terminator of Xin an Neo-Confucianism;secondly,from the historical reality of the inheritance and development of Confucianism,Dai Zhen was the terminator of the philosophical process of the inheritance and development of Confucianism;finally,from the perspective of the relationship between theory and practice,Dai Zhen was a practical critic who criticized the one-sided and extreme ideological essence of the“speculative model of Neo-Confucianism”and its antisocial and inhumane functions through the theoretical criticism of“the distinction between reason and desire”.