由勇武而忠义:中古时期关羽形象的演变

From Courage to Loyalty:The Evolution of Guan Yu's Image in the Middle

中古时期对于关羽形象的书写和构建经历了复杂过程。在此过程中,先后出现了三个阶段、三种主要的关羽历史形象:首先是南北对立政权各自书写和塑造的关羽形象,蜀汉是匡国辅臣形象,孙吴政权极力贬低关羽,曹魏政权处于“超然”姿态;其后,关羽形象较为多元化,呈现出勇武、忠义等多种面相,在北朝诸政权中,关羽作为历史英雄,其勇武精神被将领及士人推崇;隋唐五代之时,忠义崇拜的典范逐渐从关龙逄向关羽转变,关羽最终取代了关龙逄,成为中国古代忠义叙事的典型。

The writing and construction of Guan Yu’s image in the Middle Ages went through a complex process. During this process,three stages and three main historical images of Guan Yu appeared. Firstly,different images of Guan Yu was shaped by the opposing regimes in the Wei and Jin dynasties. The Shu Han regime shaped him an image of a loyal and auxiliary minister,the Sun Wu regime vigorously belittled Guan Yu,While the Cao Wei regime kept a “detached”attitude. Subsequently,Guan Yu’s image was more diversified,showing various aspects such as bravery and loyalty. In the regimes of the Northern Dynasty,Guan Yu,as a historical hero,was highly regarded by generals and soldiers for his bravery and martial spirit. During the Sui and Tang dynasties,the model of loyalty worship gradually shifted from Guan Longqi to Guan Yu,with Guan Yu eventually replacing Guan Longqi and becoming a typical example of the ancient Chinese loyalty narrative.