乡村旅游与共同富裕——价值、主体与模式

Rural Tourism and Common Prosperity——Value, Subjects and Models

乡村旅游因其具有盘活乡村发展要素、挖掘乡村多元价值、提升乡村发展功能而被认为是推进城乡共同富裕的重要途径。乡村正在由乡村居民的生产、生活空间变为城市居民的消费、休闲空间,但乡村的地域空间和多元价值,很多时候表现为一种正外部性被免费利用。乡村旅游开发中主要有农户、政府和资本三类主导力量,相应地形成“自下而上”的农户自发型、“自上而下”的政府主导型和“自外而内”的资本输入型三种典型模式,以及介于三种典型模式之间的变种和过渡类型,包括村集体主导型、村集体+资本主导型、村集体+农户型、农户+资本型、独立第三方型、乡贤返乡创业型等。各种模式均有其利弊得失和适用范围,需要在现实中互相融合、逐步完善。

Rural tourism is considered as an important way to promote the common prosperity due to its functions of activating rural production factors, excavating rural multiple values and helping rural revitalization. Rural areas are changing from the production and living space of rural residents to the consumption and leisure space of urban residents. However, the space and multiple values of rural areas are often used free as a positive externality. There are three leading forces as farmers,governments and capital in rural tourism development, accordingly, forming three typical models including the bottom-up development by farmers, top-down leading by governments and extraneous input by capital. Additionally, there are several variations and transitions among the three typical models, including village collective leading, village collective and capital leading, village collective and farmers, farmers and capital, homecoming elites entrepreneurship, independent third party and farmers, etc. Each model has its advantages and disadvantages and application, which needs to be integrated and gradually improved in reality.