美国联邦、州、地方政府三级职业教育治理体系与运行机制

Vocational Education Governance System and Operation Mechanism in the United States at the Federal, State and Local Government Levels

美国职业教育治理体系的形成经历了由地方政府主导,到州与地方政府共同治理,再到联邦、州和地方政府三级分层治理的演变历程,逐步形成了比较完善的分层治理体系。联邦、州和地方政府是职业教育治理的核心主体,各自承担不同职责,权责分明,联邦和州拥有完整的立法、司法和行政权力,职业教育的直接治理权力主要由州和地方政府行使。美国职业教育治理运行机制包括以公平效率为主导的价值引领机制、以分层治理为核心的责任分担机制、以法律法规为依据的统筹协调机制、以经费投入为根本的发展保障机制和以绩效问责为标准的质量评估机制。美国联邦、州和地方政府三级职业教育治理体系,对我国职业教育治理改革具有借鉴意义。

The formation of vocational education governance system in the United States has undergone an evolutionary process led by local governments, to joint governance by state and local governments, and then to layered governance by federal, state and local governments, gradually forming a relatively sound layered governance system. As the core governance subjects of vocational education, the federal, state and local governments have different responsibilities, with clear rights and responsibilities. The federal and state governments have complete legislative, judicial and administrative powers, while the direct governance power of vocational education is mainly exercised by the state and local governments. The operation mechanism of vocational education governance in the United States includes a value-led mechanism led by fairness and efficiency, a responsibility-sharing mechanism with hierarchical governance as the core, a coordinating mechanism based on laws and regulations, a development guarantee mechanism with funding as the root, and a quality assessment mechanism with performance accountability as the standard. The three-layer vocational education governance system has implications for the reform of vocational education governance in China.