职业教育视角下德国难民融入的典型项目与体系分析

Typical Projects and System Analysis of German Refugees Integration into Society from the Perspective of Vocational Education

近年来大量难民涌入德国,由于人力资本水平不高、就业能力不足,难民融入德国社会存在困难。为此,德国制定了通过职业教育与培训提升难民人力资本水平从而促进其融入的战略思路,所采取的典型项目包括:面向未成年难民的“教育链计划”项目,面向成年难民的“难民培训途径”项目,面向所有难民的语言项目。同时,德国依托原有的职业教育治理体系,构建了以纵向权责划分、横向职能协调并由社会各界广泛参与的难民融入治理体系。此外,针对难民接受职业教育的脆弱性,建立了职业教育体系内部和跨体系的质量保障机制。职业教育为难民进入德国劳动力市场提供了必要的技能准备,促进其融入德国社会,但也面临难民参与率及就业率不高等挑战。

In recent years, the influx of refugees into Germany has created a new wave of immigration. Due to the poor human capital and employability, it is hard for them to be integrated into German society. Vocational education and training are feasible ways to deal with such difficult situations. The German government provides refugee-orientated vocational education and training programs for adolescent and adult refugee groups and language programs for all refugees. Based on the pre-existing vocational education system, the refugees integration governance system has been built up, characterized by vertical responsibility division, horizontal function coordination and extensive participation. Furthermore, corresponding quality guarantee mechanisms have been established to address the vulnerability of refugees to vocational education. Although initial success has been achieved in promoting refugees integration, Germany still faces multiple challenges, such as the low participation and employment rates among refugees.