青贮饲料有氧变质及其预防措施研究进展

Research Progress on Aerobic Deterioration of Silage Feed and Its Preventive Measures

青贮饲料是反刍动物饲料中必不可缺的组成部分。然而,青贮饲料一旦与空气接触,就会不可避免地发生一定程度的有氧变质,给饲料业和畜牧业造成极大的损失,严重制约着畜牧业的发展,所以针对预防有氧变质产生的措施研究十分必要。作者充分调研了国内外对预防青贮饲料有氧变质措施的相关研究,在此基础上,首先概述了有氧变质的产生原因、危害性、相关微生物(霉菌及酵母菌)及其对青贮饲料品质的影响;其次,综述了物理方法(原料水分、长度及贮存密度等)、化学方法(有效成分为酸或盐等化学制剂)、生物发酵法(添加酶制剂(如纤维素酶及半纤维素酶等)、微生物制剂(乳酸菌及其他益生菌)和生物活性物质)等现有的预防青贮饲料有氧变质措施,重点阐述了乳酸菌尤其是异型发酵乳酸菌等益生菌,及其代谢产物单独和与其他方法结合预防有氧变质产生的研究进展;最后,归纳了玉米、秸秆和牧草等重要饲料原料的青贮有氧变质预防措施,并对今后有氧变质的研究重点及防控措施提出了建议和展望。文章旨在为解决青贮饲料的有氧变质问题、建立预防有氧变质产生的高效措施、改善饲料品质、促进畜牧业的发展提供一定的参考。

Silage is an indispensable part of animal feed.However, once the silage is opened and in contact with the air, inevitably causing aerobic deterioration to a certain extent.Aerobic deterioration of silage would cause great losses to feed industry and animal husbandry, and seriously restrict the development of animal husbandry.Therefore, it is necessary to study the measures to prevent aerobic deterioration.The authors had fully investigated the relevant studies at home and abroad on measures to prevent aerobic deterioration of silage, and on this basis, firstly, a systematic description on the causes, hazards, related microbial changes(mold and yeast) and their impact on the quality of silage were summarized.And then, physical method(the moisture of raw material, length and storage density),chemical method(effective components in the chemical agents as acid or salt),and biological fermentation method(with enzymes(such as cellulase and hemicellulase),microbial agents(lactic acid bacteria and other probiotic bacteria),and biological active substances) and other existing silage aerobic deterioration prevention methods were reviewed, of which, the research progress on lactic acid bacteria, especially heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites alone and combined with other methods in preventing aerobic deterioration was focused on described.Finally, a summary of the prevention of aerobic deterioration for important silage materials including corn, straw and forage were presented, as well as suggestions and perspectives of research priorities and preventive and control measures for aerobic deterioration in the future were offered.The aim of this paper was to provide a reference for solving the problem of aerobic deterioration of silage, establishing efficient measures to prevent aerobic deterioration, improving feed quality and even promoting the development of animal husbandry.