沉船沉物设标费用债权性质分析及保障机制研究

Analysis of the Nature of Creditor’s Rights and Study on the Supporting Mechanism on the Layout Cost of Ato Ns for Wreck

结合国内外公约和法律法规,对沉船沉物设标费用法律债权进行分析,梳理相关典型司法案例,提出设标费用对于沉船沉物所有人来说属于非限制性债权,设标义务人无权援引海事赔偿责任限制,但基于船舶碰撞损害责任纠纷等法律关系向加害船追偿时,被请求人依法有权援引《海商法》第207条的规定限制其责任。在设标费用保障机制方面,结合工作实际,提出开展沉船沉物设标费用标准核算工作,设标前与沉船沉物所有人、经营人或者管理人签署协议或获得委托、完善作业记录并妥善保存,及时要求设标义务人确认费用和索赔等建议。

Based on domestic legislation and international conventions, this paper analyzes the legal creditor’s right for the cost of setting up aids to navigation(Ato N) for shipwrecks, and studies relevant typical judicial cases. It proposes that the Ato N setting fee should be an unrestricted creditor’s right for the owner of the wrecks and the obligators setting the Ato N has no right to invoke the limitation of liability for maritime claims. However, when claiming recovering against the guilty ship based on legal relations of ship collision damage liability disputes, the respondent has the right to limit its liability by invoking the provisions of Article 207 of the Maritime Law. In terms of the guarantee mechanism for the Ato N setting fee and in view of the actual work, the paper suggests conducting standard accounting of the bid setting fees for the wreck, signing agreements or obtaining entrustment with the owners, operators or managers of the wreck before setting Ato N, improving operation records and keeping it properly, and promptly requesting the bidder to confirm the fees and claims, etc.