国外空间核动力装置应用安全机制分析及启示

Analysis on Safety Mechanisms for Using Nuclear Power Units in Space and its Inspiration

空间核动力装置在未来以深空探测为代表的航天任务中有重要应用。美国对空间核动力的研究和应用起步较早,经多年实践发展出一套较为成熟的核安全机制;我国通过嫦娥三号和嫦娥四号两次工程实施,初步建立了国内相关管理机制。本文梳理了国际社会讨论形成的适用于空间核动力装置应用安全的指导意见和工作依据,研究了美国涉核航天任务安全性分析、评审、审批和监督程序与组织实施情况,分析得出了美国相关机制和程序的特点,在总结国外经验教训的基础上,形成了可为国内进一步完善相关机制和程序提供有益参考的启示建议。

The space nuclear power units have important applications in the future space missions represented by deep space exploration.The research and application of space nuclear power in the United States started early,and a relatively mature nuclear safety mechanism has been developed through years of practice.The Chang’e-3 and Chang’e-4 lunar exploration missions have been carried out in China,and the relevant domestic management mechanism has been preliminarily established.The widely-accepted guidelines and working basis applicable to the safety of using nuclear power units in space are clarified;the procedures and implementation of safety analysis,review,approval and supervision for space nuclear missions in the United States are studied;and the characteristics of relevant mechanisms and procedures in the United States are analyzed.Based on the experience and lessons of the construction and implementation of space nuclear safety mechanism abroad,inspiring suggestions for further domestic consummation related mechanism and procedure are concluded.