基于联合生活的成长共同体:陈鹤琴“活教育”课程的社会学意识

Growth Community Living a Mode of Associated Life:Sociological Meaning of Chen Heqin’s Live Education

著名儿童教育家陈鹤琴的“活教育”课程通常被认为是“科学化”和“儿童中心”的,但事实上,“活教育”是以儿童为主体、以教育为手段、以社会进步为目的,带有强烈社会学意味的实践教育学,从个体与社会的二元分立转向了“儿童作为天生的社会行动者参与教育联合生活”的教育观。其主要表现在三个方面:一是“做人、做中国人、做世界人”的课程目标,具有鲜明的社会性、民族性和现代性,颇具现代意识和世界眼光;二是其儿童观已非二元对立的“儿童中心论”或“社会本位论”,而是统一在儿童的教育和发展过程中,并批判了福禄贝尔、蒙台梭利教育实践中的“科学主义”“儿童本位”,认为其一定程度上造就了“幼稚监狱”,助长了放任儿童的“虚假自由”,使得儿童与自然、社会隔离,同时导致教师责任缺失成为“安静的看客”,这对时下的教育也有极大的警示意义;三是其“活教育”课程基于儿童天生的“社会内聚力”,开展教育性劳动,老师和学生作为积极的社会行动者过一种联合生活,从而建立师生成长共同体,参与学校和社会生活的建构,完成个体的成长。

Live education,put forward by Chen Heqin,a well⁃known child educator,is usually regarded as scientific and child⁃centered.But in fact,live education is a practical pedagogy with strong sociological implications,with children as the main body,education as the means and social progress as the purpose.It has changed from the binary opposition between individual and society to the educational view that children as natural social actors participate in the associated life of education.The theory is manifested in three aspects.First,the goal of the curriculum is to become a human being,a Chinese and a world citizen,which is of distinct social,national and modern nature with both modern consciousness and world vision.Second,his view on children is no longer the dualistic Paidocentricism or Sociocentrism but is unified in the process of children’s education and development.He criticizes the scientism and Paidocentricism in the educational practice of Froebel and Montessori,and thinks that to some extent,they have created a naive prison,contributed to the false freedom of children,isolated children from nature and society,and led to teachers’responsibility inefficiency by becoming the quiet onlookers.This is also of great warning significance to current education.Third,live education curriculum based on children’s natural social cohesive force carries out educational labor.Teachers and students live an associated life as autonomous social actors so as to establish a growing community of teachers and students,participate in the construction of school and social life,hence achieve individual growth.