中国奥运冠军成长的基本特征、影响因素与现实启示

Growth Characteristics,Influencing Factors and Practical Enlightenment of Chinese Olympic Champions

综合运用文献资料调研、访谈、空间分析等研究方法,从人口统计学、项群、时空、地域分布4个维度归纳了我国奥运冠军成长的基本特征,挖掘了奥运冠军成才的影响因素。研究发现:我国各届奥运冠军性别比呈M型趋势,成才年龄呈马鞍型分布;奥运冠军项群结构具有偏态特征,不同项目成才周期不平衡;奥运冠军空间格局差异明显,呈区域性梯状分布和地缘性团状集聚特征。研究认为,国家制度、地理环境、经济与人口发展、地缘文化、家庭支持以及教练员引导等是影响奥运冠军成才的主要因素。研究提出:构建奥运冠军人口统计学数据库,精准化推动优秀竞技人才靶向性培养;健全跨界跨项选材标准体系,打造“天才”运动员多元培育长效机制;挖掘奥运冠军成长的地缘集群优势,建立区域特色训练基地和人才孵化中心;统筹运动员成才夺冠的黄金时间,科学规划优秀后备人才成长档案;做好不同地域体育资源优化配置,分类推动体育精英人才均衡成长。

Comprehensively using of literature, interviews, spatial analysis and other research methods, the study summarized the basic characteristics of the growth of Chinese Olympic champions from the four dimensions of demography, event group, time and space, and geographical distribution, and analyzed the factors that influence the success of Olympic champions. The study found that the gender ratio of the Olympic champions in my country shows an M-shaped trend, and the age of maturity is distributed in a saddle shape;the Olympic champion event group structure has skew characteristics, and the maturity cycle of different events is imbalanced;the spatial location of Olympic champions is obviously different;it has the characteristics of regional ladder-like distribution and geographically lump-like agglomeration. Research believes that the national institutions, geographic environment, economic and population development, geographic culture, family support, and coach guidance are the main factors affecting the success of Olympic champions. The research proposes to construct a demographic database of Olympic champions, and accurately promote the targeted training of outstanding competitive talents;to improve the talents transfer selection standard system, and create a long-term mechanism for diversified cultivation of “genius” athletes;to explore the advantages of geographic agglomeration during the growth of Olympic champions, and establish regional characteristic training bases and talent cultivating centers;to seize the prime time for athletes to become champions, and scientifically plan the growth files of outstanding reserve talents;to optimize the allocation of sports resources in different regions, and promote the balanced growth of elite athletes by scientifically classification.