人的异化与解放--《论犹太人问题》中的人权哲学

Human Alienation and Liberation:The Philosophy of Human Rights in“On the Jewish Question”

《论犹太人问题》是马克思对人权问题的第一次系统论述,初步形成了自己历史唯物主义基础的人权观。在《论犹太人问题》中,马克思认为政治解放并不能使犹太人获得真正的解放,实现真正人的解放必须超越政治解放的狭隘性。马克思在对政治解放和人的解放的论述中阐述了其在人权问题上的基本认识:政治解放带来了市民社会与政治国家、人和公民的分离和二重化,这种分离又导致了人权与公民权的二元化,人权是国家和社会的二重化导致人的异化的产物,要实现普遍人权,就需要超越政治解放的局限性,国家回归社会,公民权返回人权,实现人的解放。马克思的这一科学论断指明了无产阶级解放与人的解放的方向,对当前我们认识人权问题仍然具有重要的指导意义。

“On the Jewish Question”is the first systematic exposition of human rights by Karl Marx,which has initially formed his own view of human rights based on historical materialism.In this essay,Marx believes that political liberation can not make the Jews obtain real liberation,and that real human liberation must go beyond the parochialism of political liberation and then achieve human liberation.Marx expounds his basic understand⁃ing of human rights in his exposition of political liberation and human liberation.Political liberation has brought about the dual separation between civil society and political state and between people and citizens,and this separation has led to the duality between human rights and civil rights.Human rights are the product of human alienation caused by the duality between state and society.To realize universal human rights,it is needed to go beyond the limitations of political liberation,to return state to society,to make civil rights revert to human rights,and achieve human liberation.This scientific conclusion drawn by Marx points out the direction of prole⁃tarian liberation and human liberation,which still has important guiding significance for us to understand hu⁃man rights issues at present.