功能化医用聚氨酯弹性体制备及生物医用研究进展

Research Progress in Preparation and Biomedical Application of Functional Medical Polyurethane Elastomers

热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)弹性体因其良好的可加工性、机械性能和生物安全性而被广泛应用于生物医学领域.绝大部分TPU都由大分子二元醇软段以及异氰酸酯和小分子扩链剂形成的硬段组成,这两者分别提供基体的弹性与链网络的框架刚性.小分子扩链剂二元醇/胺和二异氰酸酯的结构设计是构建功能化TPU的主要途径.研究者根据特定临床应用场景和使用需求,设计和制备相应的功能化单体,并开发出相应的医用TPU.本综述首先介绍了大分子二元醇、二异氰酸酯以及扩链剂的种类以及各自的特点,对其特有的微相分离结构做了介绍,并明晰了化学/物理结构与最终性能的关系.随后,综述了国内外TPU在生物医学领域的研究进展和应用,重点阐述了医用TPU在抗菌、抗凝血、耐水解耐氧化、自愈性以及可降解等方面的发展情况.最后,通过总结和分析医用TPU及其器械评价的相关标准,提出了产业化应用的关键问题,并展望了医用TPU未来的发展方向.

Thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)elastomer is widely used in biomedical field because of its good processability,mechanical property and biocompatibility.Most TPUs are composed of macromolecular diols as soft segments,diisocyanate and chain extenders as hard segments,which provide the elasticity of the matrix and the framework rigidity of the chain network,respectively.The structural design of chain extender diol/diamine and diisocyanate is the main method to construct functional TPUs.Researchers designed and prepared the functional monomers according to the specific clinical scene or usage requirements,and developed the corresponding medical TPUs.In this paper,the types and characteristics of macromolecular diols,diisocyanate and chain extenders are introduced.Their unique microphase separation structures are analyzed,and the relationship between the chemical/physical structure and the final performance is discussed.Then,the research progress and advanced applications of TPU in biomedicine at home and abroad are summarized.The applications of TPU as antibacterial,anticoagulant,hydrolytic and oxidation resistant,self-healing and degradable materials are emphasized.Finally,by summarizing and analyzing various standards of biomedical TPU and its device,the key problems of industrial application are put forward,and the future development direction of TPU is prospected.